Book•
Mutation Breeding: Theory and Practical Applications
01 Jan 1998-
TL;DR: This chapter discusses mutation breeding in seed propagated crops, and in vitro techniques for mutation breeding, and some of the techniques used in this chapter were previously described.
Abstract: Preface 1. General introduction 2. History of mutation breeding 3. Nature and types of mutation 4. Induction of mutations 5. In vitro techniques for mutation breeding 6. Mutation breeding in seed propagated crops 7. Mutation breeding in vegetatively propagated crops References Index.
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TL;DR: The possible causes, detection methods and desirability of variants are summarized, and examples of some useful variants generated as a result of somaclonal variation are outlined.
Abstract: Plant tissue culture has become one of the fundamental tools of plant science research. It is extensively employed in the production, conservation and improvement of plant resources. The presence of somaclonal variation in populations derived from tissue culture is affecting the use of tissue culture negatively and has remained a major problem. Conversely, it is a source of new desirable clones/variants with better agronomic traits. In this review, we summarize the possible causes, detection methods and desirability of variants. Somaclonal variation is one of the most researched and reviewed topics. Hence, we restricted ourselves to outlining various examples which may be used as important references for researchers who intend to identify and/or characterize somaclonal variants while using tissue culture for research and production. Emphasis is placed on the negative effects of somaclonal variation. However, this review also includes examples of some useful variants generated as a result of somaclonal variation.
513 citations
Cites background from "Mutation Breeding: Theory and Pract..."
...Relationship between mutation induction and somaclonal variation in tissue culture Mutations are defined as heritable changes in the DNA sequence that are not derived from genetic segregation or recombination (Van Harten 1998)....
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TL;DR: The European legal framework defines GMOs and specifies various breeding techniques that are excluded from the GMO regulations as a starting point, particularly the European Directive 2001/18/EC on the deliberate release of GMOs into the environment.
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The testing and release of genetically modified organisms (GMOs)—in particular GM plants—is tightly regulated internationally to prevent any negative effects on the environment or human health. However, these regulations are based on transgenic organisms and do not discriminate between transgenic plants and cisgenic plants, although we believe that they are fundamentally different (see sidebarNow, cisgenic plants fall under regulations designed for transgenic organisms, possibly because there have not yet been any applications for the approval of the deliberate release of cisgenic plants into the environment.
Definitions of key terms in relation to plants
Cisgenesis is the genetic modification of a recipient plant with a natural gene from a crossable—sexually compatible—plant. Such a gene includes its introns and is flanked by its native promoter and terminator in the normalsense orientation.Cisgenic plants can harbour one or more cisgenes, but they do not contain any transgenes.
Transgenesis is the genetic modification of a recipient plant with one or more genes from any non‐plant organism, or from a donor plant that is sexually incompatible with the recipient plant. This includes gene sequences of any origin in the anti‐sense orientation, any artificial combination of a coding sequence and a regulatory sequence, such as a promoter from another gene, or a synthetic gene.
Traditional breeding encompasses all plant breeding methods that do not fall under current GMO regulations.As the European legal framework defines GMOs and specifies various breeding techniques that are excluded from the GMO regulations,we use this framework as a starting point, particularly the European Directive 2001/18/EC on the deliberate release of GMOs into the environment (European Parliament, 2001). Excluded from this GMO Directive are longstanding cross breeding, in vitro fertilization, polyploidy induction,mutagenesis and fusion of protoplasts from sexually compatible plants (European Parliament, 2001).
Although transgenesis and cisgenesis both use the same genetic …
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372 citations
TL;DR: The potential of mutation breeding as a flexible and practicable approach applicable to any crop provided that appropriate objectives and selection methods are used is highlighted.
Abstract: The first step in plant breeding is to identify suitable genotypes containing the desired genes among existing varieties, or to create one if it is not found in nature. In nature, variation occurs mainly as a result of mutations and without it, plant breeding would be impossible. In this context, the major aim in mutation-based breeding is to develop and improve well-adapted plant varieties by modifying one or two major traits to increase their productivity or quality. Both physical and chemical mutagenesis is used in inducing mutations in seeds and other planting materials. Then, selection for agronomic traits is done in the first generation, whereby most mutant lines may be discarded. The agronomic traits are confirmed in the second and third generations through evident phenotypic stability, while other evaluations are carried out in the subsequent generations. Finally, only the mutant lines with desirable traits are selected as a new variety or as a parent line for cross breeding. New varieties...
361 citations
TL;DR: Positive achievement recorded in other species seem to support the hypothesis that in vitro mutation induction has high potential also for fruit improvement, and the possible contribution of a well-pondered and coordinated use of the numerous mutation induction, mutant selection, and field validation procedures available to advances in fruit breeding is discussed.
Abstract: This review describes in vitro mutation induction methods in fruits and the in vitro selection procedures available for early screening. Results obtained through in vitro mutation techniques, including somaclonal variation, are reviewed and compared with the current achievements and future prospects of transgenic breeding. Plant improvement based on mutations, which change one or a few specific traits of a cultivar, can contribute to fruit improvement without altering the requirements of fruit industry. Induced mutations have well defined limitations in fruit breeding applications, but their possibilities may be expanded by the use of in vitro techniques. Tissue culture increases the efficiency of mutagenic treatments for variation induction, handling of large populations, use of ready selection methods, and rapid cloning of selected variants. Molecular techniques can provide a better understanding of the potential and limitations of mutation breeding e.g. molecular marker-assisted selection, which can lead to the early identification of useful variants. The relatively high number of research reports compared with the low number of cultivars released suggests that mutagenesis in combination with tissue culture is either ineffective or has yet to be exploited in fruits. Positive achievement recorded in other species seem to support the hypothesis that in vitro mutation induction has high potential also for fruit improvement. The possible contribution of a well-pondered and coordinated use of the numerous mutation induction, mutant selection, and field validation procedures available to advances in fruit breeding is discussed.
267 citations
Patent•
28 Feb 2006
TL;DR: In this article, a process for the production of the fine chemical in a microorganism, a plant cell or a plant tissue or in one or more parts thereof, preferably in plastids is described.
Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the production of the fine chemical in a microorganism, a plant cell, a plant, a plant tissue or in one or more parts thereof, preferably in plastids. The invention furthermore relates to nucleic acid molecules, polypeptides, nucleic acid constructs, vectors, antibodies, host cells, plant tissue, propagation material, harvested material, plants, microorganisms as well as agricultural compositions and to their use.
242 citations