Na-ion batteries, recent advances and present challenges to become low cost energy storage systems
01 Mar 2012-Energy and Environmental Science (The Royal Society of Chemistry)-Vol. 5, Iss: 3, pp 5884-5901
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of Na-ion battery materials is presented, with the aim of providing a wide view of the systems that have already been explored and a starting point for the new research on this battery technology.
Abstract: Energy production and storage have become key issues concerning our welfare in daily life. Present challenges for batteries are twofold. In the first place, the increasing demand for powering systems of portable electronic devices and zero-emission vehicles stimulates research towards high energy and high voltage systems. In the second place, low cost batteries are required in order to advance towards smart electric grids that integrate discontinuous energy flow from renewable sources, optimizing the performance of clean energy sources. Na-ion batteries can be the key for the second point, because of the huge availability of sodium, its low price and the similarity of both Li and Na insertion chemistries. In spite of the lower energy density and voltage of Na-ion based technologies, they can be focused on applications where the weight and footprint requirement is less drastic, such as electrical grid storage. Much work has to be done in the field of Na-ion in order to catch up with Li-ion technology. Cathodic and anodic materials must be optimized, and new electrolytes will be the key point for Na-ion success. This review will gather the up-to-date knowledge about Na-ion battery materials, with the aim of providing a wide view of the systems that have already been explored and a starting point for the new research on this battery technology.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode, electrolyte and cathode materials, including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds.
Abstract: The status of ambient temperature sodium ion batteries is reviewed in light of recent developments in anode, electrolyte and cathode materials. These devices, although early in their stage of development, are promising for large-scale grid storage applications due to the abundance and very low cost of sodium-containing precursors used to make the components. The engineering knowledge developed recently for highly successful Li ion batteries can be leveraged to ensure rapid progress in this area, although different electrode materials and electrolytes will be required for dual intercalation systems based on sodium. In particular, new anode materials need to be identified, since the graphite anode, commonly used in lithium systems, does not intercalate sodium to any appreciable extent. A wider array of choices is available for cathodes, including high performance layered transition metal oxides and polyanionic compounds. Recent developments in electrodes are encouraging, but a great deal of research is necessary, particularly in new electrolytes, and the understanding of the SEI films. The engineering modeling calculations of Na-ion battery energy density indicate that 210 Wh kg−1 in gravimetric energy is possible for Na-ion batteries compared to existing Li-ion technology if a cathode capacity of 200 mAh g−1 and a 500 mAh g−1 anode can be discovered with an average cell potential of 3.3 V.
3,776 citations
3,536 citations
TL;DR: Current research on materials is summarized and discussed and future directions for SIBs are proposed to provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of S IBs.
Abstract: Energy production and storage technologies have attracted a great deal of attention for day-to-day applications. In recent decades, advances in lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology have improved living conditions around the globe. LIBs are used in most mobile electronic devices as well as in zero-emission electronic vehicles. However, there are increasing concerns regarding load leveling of renewable energy sources and the smart grid as well as the sustainability of lithium sources due to their limited availability and consequent expected price increase. Therefore, whether LIBs alone can satisfy the rising demand for small- and/or mid-to-large-format energy storage applications remains unclear. To mitigate these issues, recent research has focused on alternative energy storage systems. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are considered as the best candidate power sources because sodium is widely available and exhibits similar chemistry to that of LIBs; therefore, SIBs are promising next-generation alternatives. Recently, sodiated layer transition metal oxides, phosphates and organic compounds have been introduced as cathode materials for SIBs. Simultaneously, recent developments have been facilitated by the use of select carbonaceous materials, transition metal oxides (or sulfides), and intermetallic and organic compounds as anodes for SIBs. Apart from electrode materials, suitable electrolytes, additives, and binders are equally important for the development of practical SIBs. Despite developments in electrode materials and other components, there remain several challenges, including cell design and electrode balancing, in the application of sodium ion cells. In this article, we summarize and discuss current research on materials and propose future directions for SIBs. This will provide important insights into scientific and practical issues in the development of SIBs.
3,009 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a variety of electrode materials including cathodes and anodes as well as electrolytes for room-temperature stationary sodium-ion batteries are briefly reviewed and compared the difference in storage behavior between Na and Li in their analogous electrodes and summarize the sodium storage mechanisms in available electrode materials.
Abstract: Room-temperature stationary sodium-ion batteries have attracted great attention particularly in large-scale electric energy storage applications for renewable energy and smart grid because of the huge abundant sodium resources and low cost. In this article, a variety of electrode materials including cathodes and anodes as well as electrolytes for room-temperature stationary sodium-ion batteries are briefly reviewed. We compare the difference in storage behavior between Na and Li in their analogous electrodes and summarize the sodium storage mechanisms in the available electrode materials. This review also includes some new results from our group and our thoughts on developing new materials. Some perspectives and directions on designing better materials for practical applications are pointed out based on knowledge from the literature and our experience. Through this extensive literature review, the search for suitable electrode and electrolyte materials for stationary sodium-ion batteries is still challenging. However, after intensive research efforts, we believe that low-cost, long-life and room-temperature sodium-ion batteries would be promising for applications in large-scale energy storage system in the near future.
2,687 citations
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TL;DR: This review offers details of the technologies, in terms of needs, status, challenges and future R&d directions, that are expected to integrate significant levels of renewables into the electrical grid.
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TL;DR: Lithium can be inserted reversibly within most carbonaceous materials as mentioned in this paper, but the physical mechanism for this insertion depends on the carbon type and the type of carbon type used.
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TL;DR: LiFePO 4 powders were synthesized under various conditions and the performance of the cathodes was evaluated using coin cells, the samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope observations, Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller surface area measurements, particle-size distribution measurements, and Mossbauer spectroscopy.
Abstract: LiFePO 4 powders were synthesized under various conditions and the performance of the cathodes was evaluated using coin cells, The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope observations, Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller surface area measurements, particle-size distribution measurements, and Mossbauer spectroscopy. Ab initio calculation was used to confirm the experimental redox potentials and Mossbauer parameters. The choice of a moderate sintering temperature (500°C 95% of the 170 mAh/g theoretical capacity at room temperature. There are two main obstacles to achieving optimum charge/discharge performance of LiFePO 4 : (i) undesirable particle growth at T > 600°C and (ii) the presence of a noncrystalline residual Fe 3+ phase at T < 500°C.
1,698 citations
TL;DR: In this article, high precision voltage measurements and in situ x-ray diffraction indicate a sequence of three distinct phase transitions as varies from 1 to 0.4, two of which are situated slightly above and below and are caused by an order/disorder transition of the lithium ions.
Abstract: Electrochemical properties of are studied as Li is deintercalated from . High precision voltage measurements and in situ x‐ray diffraction indicate a sequence of three distinct phase transitions as varies from 1 to 0.4. Two of the transitions are situated slightly above and below and are caused by an order/disorder transition of the lithium ions. The order/disorder transition is studied as a function of temperature allowing the determination of an order/disorder phase diagram. In situ x‐ray diffraction measurements facilitate a direct observation of the effects of deintercalation on the host lattice crystal structure. The other phase transition is shown to be first order (coexisting phases are observed for ) involving a significant expansion of the parameter of the hexagonal unit cell. We report the variation of the lattice constants of with and show that the phase transition to the lithium ordered phase near is accompanied by a lattice distortion to a monoclinic unit cell with , , and . Finally we report an overall phase diagram for and .
1,529 citations