Nadi Tarangini: A Pulse Based Diagnostic System
22 Oct 2007-Vol. 2007, pp 2207-2210
TL;DR: The procedure for obtaining the complete spectrum of the nadi pulses as a time series is provided, and the waveforms obtained have been compared with these other similar equipment developed earlier, and is shown to contain more details.
Abstract: Ayurveda is a traditional medicine and natural healing system in India. Nadi-Nidan (pulse-based diagnosis) is a prominent method in Ayurveda, and is known to dictate all the salient features of a human body. In this paper, we provide details of our procedure for obtaining the complete spectrum of the nadi pulses as a time series. The system Nadi Tarangini contains a diaphragm element equipped with strain gauge, a transmitter cum amplifier, and a digitizer for quantifying analog signal. The system acquires the data with 16-bit accuracy with practically no external electronic or interfering noise. Prior systems for obtaining the nadi pulses have been few and far between, when compared to systems such as ECG. The waveforms obtained with our system have been compared with these other similar equipment developed earlier, and is shown to contain more details. The pulse waveform is also shown to have the desirable variations with respect to age of patients, and the pressure applied at the sensing element. The system is being evaluated by Ayurvedic practitioners as a computer-aided diagnostic tool.
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TL;DR: The study employed system on chip (SOC) techniques to develop an embedded human pulse monitoring system with intelligent data analysis mechanism for disease detection and long-term health care, which can be applied to monitor and analyze humanpsilas pulse signal in daily life.
Abstract: Many countries have already become aging societies, as evidenced by annually decreasing fertility rates. Elderly individuals often live independently because their families cannot look after them. Therefore, computer-assisted nursing has received increasing attention in modern society, explaining why intelligent systems with physiology signal monitoring for e-health care is an emerging area of development, owing to the urgent needs of homecare for elderly people suffering chronic or sudden diseases at home. Importantly, a physiology signal monitoring system can help medical staff to monitor and analyze physiology signal effectively, such that they can not only monitor the patients' physiology states immediately, but also reduce medical cost and avoid having to visit doctors in hospital. Therefore, this study adopts system on chip (SOC) techniques to develop an embedded human pulse monitoring system with intelligent data analysis mechanism for disease detection and long-term health care. The proposed system can be applied to monitor and analyze pulse signal in daily life. The proposed system also has a friendly web-based interface for medical staff to observe immediate pulse signals for remote treatment. Hence, the proposed system provides aids long-distance medical treatment, exploring trends of potential chronic diseases, and urgent situations informing for sudden diseases. Moreover, this study also presents an intelligent data analysis scheme based on the modified cosine similarity measure to diagnose abnormal pulses for exploring potential chronic diseases.
76 citations
Cites background from "Nadi Tarangini: A Pulse Based Diagn..."
...Among human vital signals, assessment of human pulse has long been a research area of interest in the physiology field because the situations of human pulse reflect many health states [11][12]....
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01 Jan 2010
TL;DR: The research work relevant to the pulse analysis is reviewed and various statistical methods and mathematical models are used for analyzing and interpreting the radial pulse data.
Abstract: Radial pulse is defined as the rhythmic expansion of arterial wall due to the transmission of pressure waves along the wall of arteries that are produced during each systole of the heart. The radial pulse is periodic fluctuation that is caused by the heart and occurs at the same frequency as the heart beat. The pulse diagnosis is one of the most important examinations in Ancient Ayurveda Medicine (AAM) and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). In TCM disease diagnosis is based on the pulse pressure observed at six radial points three on left wrist and three on right wrists. In AAM diagnosis is done from the information obtained from the three pressure points on either left wrist (in case of men) or on right wrist (in case of women). Some of the researchers have reported development of the pulse data acquisition systems and used the data collected for analysis. Researchers have collected the radial pulse data either by using the equipment developed by them or using the commercially available equipment. Various statistical methods and mathematical models are used for analyzing and interpreting the radial pulse data. The research work relevant to the pulse analysis is reviewed in this paper.
62 citations
TL;DR: The results indicated that PPW obtained from the piezoelectric sensor has great feasibility for cuffless blood pressure estimation, and could serve as a promising method in home healthcare settings.
Abstract: Pulse transit time (PTT) has received considerable attention for noninvasive cuffless blood pressure measurement. However, this approach is inconvenient to deploy in wearable devices because two sensors are required for collecting two-channel physiological signals, such as electrocardiogram and pulse wave signals. In this study, we investigated the pressure pulse wave (PPW) signals collected from one piezoelectric-induced sensor located at a single site for cuffless blood pressure estimation. Twenty-one features were extracted from PPW that collected from the radial artery, and then a linear regression method was used to develop blood pressure estimation models by using the extracted PPW features. Sixty-five middle-aged and elderly participants were recruited to evaluate the performance of the constructed blood pressure estimation models, with oscillometric technique-based blood pressure as a reference. The experimental results indicated that the mean ± standard deviation errors for the estimated systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure were 0.70 ± 7.78 mmHg and 0.83 ± 5.45 mmHg, which achieved a decrease of 1.33 ± 0.37 mmHg in systolic blood pressure and 1.14 ± 0.20 mmHg in diastolic blood pressure, compared with the conventional PTT-based method. The proposed model also demonstrated a high level of robustness in a maximum 60-day follow-up study. These results indicated that PPW obtained from the piezoelectric sensor has great feasibility for cuffless blood pressure estimation, and could serve as a promising method in home healthcare settings.
45 citations
Cites background from "Nadi Tarangini: A Pulse Based Diagn..."
...Compared with PPG signals that are attenuated due to peripheral vasoconstriction [18], PPW signals obtained from piezoelectric sensors have less interference and more abundant characteristic information, and have been well-studied for disease diagnosis and arterial stiffness evaluation [19,20]....
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01 Dec 2011
TL;DR: In this project an attempt is being made to standardize the signals for normal conditions and then try to go for identifying the variation in pulse characteristics for simple abnormal conditions i.e., diabetic cases.
Abstract: In general, ayurvedic doctors used to examine the body by analyzing the wrist pulse of the patient. It is said that these pulse characteristics changes corresponding to the various changes in the body. For example, a tumour and a cyst will have different patterns in their pulse characteristics. Thus the wrist pulse signal is being used to analyze a person's health status. This reflects the pathologic changes of the person's body condition. Three different pulses can be located in single artery on the wrist, which will provide useful information regarding a person's health. In this project an attempt is being made to standardize the signals for normal conditions and then try to go for identifying the variation in pulse characteristics for simple abnormal conditions i.e., diabetic cases. The methodology planned is described in brief as follows: Suitable pulse sensor will be used along with necessary signal processing circuitry in order to acquire the pulse signals. Reference pulse signals will be acquired from a number of persons with normal health status. Reference signal will be subjected to a statistical analysis. Approximate Entropy, being a statistical measure is planned to be used as a quantity for the purpose of characterizing standard signals and abnormal signals. The expected deviation of the measured quantity from the reference standard quantity will be used for diagnosis.
40 citations
TL;DR: The experimental results indicate that the classification accuracy is increased significantly under the optimal design and also demonstrate that the developed pulse system with multichannel sensors fusion is more effective than the previous pulse acquisition platforms.
Abstract: Pulse diagnosis, recognized as an important branch of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), has a long history for health diagnosis. Certain features in the pulse are known to be related with the physiological status, which have been identified as biomarkers. In recent years, an electronic equipment is designed to obtain the valuable information inside pulse. Single-point pulse acquisition platform has the benefit of low cost and flexibility, but is time consuming in operation and not standardized in pulse location. The pulse system with a single-type sensor is easy to implement, but is limited in extracting sufficient pulse information. This paper proposes a novel system with optimal design that is special for pulse diagnosis. We combine a pressure sensor with a photoelectric sensor array to make a multichannel sensor fusion structure. Then, the optimal pulse signal processing methods and sensor fusion strategy are introduced for the feature extraction. Finally, the developed optimal pulse system and methods are tested on pulse database acquired from the healthy subjects and the patients known to be afflicted with diabetes. The experimental results indicate that the classification accuracy is increased significantly under the optimal design and also demonstrate that the developed pulse system with multichannel sensors fusion is more effective than the previous pulse acquisition platforms.
32 citations
Additional excerpts
...The similar phenomenon can be seen in traditional Indian ayurvedic medicine [13]....
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References
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TL;DR: Aortic flow pulsations from arterial pressure was computed by simulating a nonlinear, time-varying three-element model of aortic input impedance by observing quantitative changes in cardiac output that occurred either during changes in the state of the patient or subsequent to vasoactive drugs.
Abstract: We computed aortic flow pulsations from arterial pressure by simulating a nonlinear, time-varying three-element model of aortic input impedance. The model elements represent aortic characteristic i...
1,126 citations
Additional excerpts
...The subfigures from (a) through (o) are from [3], [11], [12], [4], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [8], [22] respectively....
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TL;DR: Consistent age-related changes were found in the pressure pulse contour by analysis of waveforms obtained invasively or noninvasively from the upper limb and may represent a better marker than large artery or capacitive compliance of the degenerative aging process in altering pulsatile arterial function.
Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate age-related changes in pulsatile arterial function. Aging alters arterial pulsatile function and produces consistent changes in the pressure pulse contour. A reduced systemic arterial compliance that can be derived from analysis of the pulse contour is regarded as the best clinical index of impaired pulsatile arterial function and may mark the presence of early vascular damage. We analyzed intra-arterial brachial artery waveforms in 115 healthy normotensive volunteers (83 men, 32 women) and radial artery waveforms obtained with the use of a calibrated tonometer device in 212 healthy volunteers (147 women, 65 men). A computer-based assessment of the diastolic pressure decay and a modified Windkessel model of the circulation were used to quantify changes in arterial waveform morphology in terms of large artery or capacitive compliance, oscillatory or reflective compliance in the small arteries, inertance, and systemic vascular resistance. Large artery compliance and oscillatory compliance correlated negatively with age for both invasive and noninvasive groups (r=-0.50 and r=-0.55; r=-0.37 and r=-0.66; P<0.001 for all). The slopes of the regression lines for the decline in oscillatory compliance with age were significantly steeper than those recorded for large artery compliance estimates. The change in blood pressure with age independently contributed to the decrease in large artery compliance but not oscillatory compliance in both groups. Consistent age-related changes were found in the pressure pulse contour by analysis of waveforms obtained invasively or noninvasively from the upper limb. The change in the oscillatory or reflective compliance estimate was independent of blood pressure change and may represent a better marker than large artery or capacitive compliance of the degenerative aging process in altering pulsatile arterial function.
374 citations
"Nadi Tarangini: A Pulse Based Diagn..." refers background or methods in this paper
...An arterial tonometer sensor array (model N-500, Nellcor Inc) [4], a wrist-watch-like structure with PSS-02KAF pressure sensors (Kyowa Electronic Instrument Co....
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...The subfigures from (a) through (o) are from [3], [11], [12], [4], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [8], [22] respectively....
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...Again, these observations are consistent with [4], [15]; the changes are indicative of an age-dependent reduction in large artery (capacitive) compliance and in small artery (oscillatory or reflective) compliance....
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...An arterial tonometer sensor array (model N-500, Nellcor Inc) [4], a wrist-watch-like structure with PSS-02KAF pressure sensors (Kyowa Electronic Instrument Co. Ltd. Japan) [5], a commercial grade photoplethysmograph transducer (Biopac Systems Inc., CA, USA) [6], a HMX pulse sensor (Shanghai Medical Instrument Company) [7], a pulse sensor with a strain cantilever beam transducer [8] are few of the recent methodologies used to acquire pulse data....
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TL;DR: The overall age-related changes in multi-site PPG pulse shape characteristics at the ear, finger and toe sites have been demonstrated and quantified and age-matched normal ranges must be considered when evaluating pulses from patients with possible vascular disease.
Abstract: It is accepted that older subjects have increasing arterial stiffness resulting in changes in the propagation of the pulse to the periphery, and thereby influencing the peripheral pulse timing and shape characteristics. However, this age association with pulse shape is less clear in younger subjects and for different peripheral measurement sites. The aim of this study was to determine the association between age and changes in pulse shape characteristics at the ears, fingers and toes. Photoplethysmography pulse waveforms were recorded non-invasively from the right and left sides at the ears, index fingers and great toes of 116 normal healthy human subjects. Their median age was 41 years (range 13–72) allowing four distinct age groups to be considered (subjects younger than 30 years, 30–39 years, 40–49 years and 50 years of age or older). Normalized ear, finger and toe pulse shapes were calculated, for the whole subject group, and for the subjects within each age group. The differences in shape, relative to the oldest group, were also calculated for two distinct regions of interest; the systolic rising edge and the dicrotic notch of the pulse. Subtle, gradual and significant changes in the pulse shape were found at all sites with overall elongation of the systolic rising edge (p < 0.05) and damping of the dicrotic notch (p < 0.05) with age. The overall age-related changes in multi-site PPG pulse shape characteristics at the ear, finger and toe sites have been demonstrated and quantified. Age-matched normal ranges must be considered when evaluating pulses from patients with possible vascular disease.
168 citations
"Nadi Tarangini: A Pulse Based Diagn..." refers background in this paper
...The subfigures from (a) through (o) are from [3], [11], [12], [4], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [8], [22] respectively....
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...Again, these observations are consistent with [4], [15]; the changes are indicative of an age-dependent reduction in large artery (capacitive) compliance and in small artery (oscillatory or reflective) compliance....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a new pulse contour cardiac output (PulseCO) algorithm was developed based on frequency analysis studies of the arterial system. But, the algorithm was not suitable for long-term monitoring and the accuracy of PulseCO in determining short-term changes in cardiac output was assessed by comparing the ratio of consecutive PulseCO determinations with the ratios of consecutive thermodilution cardiac output.
Abstract: We have developed a new pulse contour cardiac output (PulseCO) algorithm based on frequency analysis studies of the arterial system. PulseCO was compared with thermodilution cardiac output (TDCO) in 10 patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Results from one patient were unsuitable for analysis. In the remaining nine patients, 142 TDCO determinations were compared with PulseCO after logarithmic transformation and after being normalized by the initial cardiac output in each patient. Each determination was usually the average of three measurements. Least squares regression gave y=0.77x (r2=0.81) and the limits of agreement were from –26% to +21%. The accuracy of PulseCO in determining short-term changes in cardiac output was assessed by comparing the ratios of consecutive PulseCO determinations with the ratios of the corresponding, consecutive TDCO determinations. Least squares regression gave y=0.71x (r2=0.70) and the limits of agreement were from –21% to +25%. After phenylephrine had been given to five patients, PulseCO showed an increase in systemic vascular resistance consistent with the known pharmacological actions of the drug. The PulseCO algorithm was incorporated into a computer program that acquires arterial pressure data from an analogue-to-digital converter and displays beat-to-beat trend values.
167 citations
139 citations
"Nadi Tarangini: A Pulse Based Diagn..." refers methods in this paper
...The subfigures from (a) through (o) are from [3], [11], [12], [4], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [8], [22] respectively....
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...The earliest work dates back to the1950s, when quantification of beat-to-beat changes in stroke volume was done using arterial catheter-manometer system [3], involving simultaneous recording of arterial pressure from multiple sites in the arterial tree....
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