Nanoantennas for visible and infrared radiation.
TL;DR: The role of plasmonic resonances on the performance of nanoantennas and the influence of geometrical parameters imposed by nanofabrication are discussed.
Abstract: Nanoantennas for visible and infrared radiation can strongly enhance the interaction of light with nanoscale matter by their ability to efficiently link propagating and spatially localized optical fields. This ability unlocks an enormous potential for applications ranging from nanoscale optical microscopy and spectroscopy over solar energy conversion, integrated optical nanocircuitry, opto-electronics and density-of-states engineering to ultra-sensing as well as enhancement of optical nonlinearities. Here we review the current understanding of metallic optical antennas based on the background of both well-developed radiowave antenna engineering and plasmonics. In particular, we discuss the role of plasmonic resonances on the performance of nanoantennas and address the influence of geometrical parameters imposed by nanofabrication. Finally, we give a brief account of the current status of the field and the major established and emerging lines of investigation in this vivid area of research.
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TL;DR: In this article, a two-dimensional array of optical resonators with spatially varying phase response and subwavelength separation can imprint phase discontinuities on propagating light as it traverses the interface between two media.
Abstract: Conventional optical components rely on gradual phase shifts accumulated during light propagation to shape light beams. New degrees of freedom are attained by introducing abrupt phase changes over the scale of the wavelength. A two-dimensional array of optical resonators with spatially varying phase response and subwavelength separation can imprint such phase discontinuities on propagating light as it traverses the interface between two media. Anomalous reflection and refraction phenomena are observed in this regime in optically thin arrays of metallic antennas on silicon with a linear phase variation along the interface, which are in excellent agreement with generalized laws derived from Fermat’s principle. Phase discontinuities provide great flexibility in the design of light beams, as illustrated by the generation of optical vortices through use of planar designer metallic interfaces.
6,763 citations
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TL;DR: The general overview of the field and the background for appropriate modelling of the physical phenomena are provided and the current state of the art and most recent applications of plasmon resonance in Au NPs are reported.
Abstract: In the last two decades, plasmon resonance in gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) has been the subject of intense research efforts. Plasmon physics is intriguing and its precise modelling proved to be challenging. In fact, plasmons are highly responsive to a multitude of factors, either intrinsic to the Au NPs or from the environment, and recently the need emerged for the correction of standard electromagnetic approaches with quantum effects. Applications related to plasmon absorption and scattering in Au NPs are impressively numerous, ranging from sensing to photothermal effects to cell imaging. Also, plasmon-enhanced phenomena are highly interesting for multiple purposes, including, for instance, Raman spectroscopy of nearby analytes, catalysis, or sunlight energy conversion. In addition, plasmon excitation is involved in a series of advanced physical processes such as non-linear optics, optical trapping, magneto-plasmonics, and optical activity. Here, we provide the general overview of the field and the background for appropriate modelling of the physical phenomena. Then, we report on the current state of the art and most recent applications of plasmon resonance in Au NPs.
1,205 citations
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TL;DR: This review looks at the concepts and state-of-the-art concerning the strong coupling of surface plasmon-polariton modes to states associated with quantum emitters such as excitons in J-aggregates, dye molecules and quantum dots.
Abstract: In this review we look at the concepts and state-of-the-art concerning the strong coupling of surface plasmon-polariton modes to states associated with quantum emitters such as excitons in J-aggregates, dye molecules and quantum dots. We explore the phenomenon of strong coupling with reference to a number of examples involving electromagnetic fields and matter. We then provide a concise description of the relevant background physics of surface plasmon polaritons. An extensive overview of the historical background and a detailed discussion of more recent relevant experimental advances concerning strong coupling between surface plasmon polaritons and quantum emitters is then presented. Three conceptual frameworks are then discussed and compared in depth: classical, semi-classical and fully quantum mechanical; these theoretical frameworks will have relevance to strong coupling beyond that involving surface plasmon polaritons. We conclude our review with a perspective on the future of this rapidly emerging field, one we are sure will grow to encompass more intriguing physics and will develop in scope to be of relevance to other areas of science.
1,190 citations
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TL;DR: The last volume of the Progress in Optics series as discussed by the authors contains seven chapters on widely diverging topics, written by well-known authorities in their fields, including laser selective photophysics and photochemistry, laser phase profile generation, laser beamforming, and laser laser light emission from high-current surface spark discharges.
Abstract: Have you ever felt that the very title, Progress in Optics, conjured an image in your mind? Don’t you see a row of handsomely printed books, bearing the editorial stamp of one of the most brilliant members of the optics community, and chronicling the field of optics since the invention of the laser? If so, you are certain to move the bookend to make room for Volume 16, the latest of this series. It contains seven chapters on widely diverging topics, written by well-known authorities in their fields. These are: 1) Laser Selective Photophysics and Photochemistry by V. S. Letokhov, 2) Recent Advances in Phase Profiles (sic) Generation by J. J. Clair and C. I. Abitbol, 3 ) Computer-Generated Holograms: Techniques and Applications by W.-H. Lee, 4) Speckle Interferometry by A. E. Ennos, 5 ) Deformation Invariant, Space-Variant Optical Pattern Recognition by D. Casasent and D. Psaltis, 6) Light Emission from High-Current Surface-Spark Discharges by R. E. Beverly, and 7) Semiclassical Radiation Theory within a QuantumMechanical Framework by I. R. Senitzkt. The breadth of topic matter spanned by these chapters makes it impossible, for this reviewer at least, to pass judgement on the comprehensiveness, relevance, and completeness of every chapter. With an editorial board as prominent as that of Progress in Optics, however, it seems hardly likely that such comments should be necessary. It should certainly be possible to take the authority of each author as credible. The only remaining judgment to be made on these chapters is their readability. In short, what are they like to read? The first sentence of the first chapter greets the eye with an obvious typographical error: “The creation of coherent laser light source, that have tunable radiation, opened the . . . .” Two pages later we find: “When two types of atoms or molecules of different isotopic composition ( A and B ) have even one spectral line that does not overlap with others, it is pos-
1,071 citations
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TL;DR: Control of light at the nanoscale is demanding for future successful on-chip integration and most optical nanoantennas consist of plasmonic nanoparticles due to their ability to capture and concentrate visible light at subwavelength dimensions.
Abstract: We study in detail a novel type of optical nanoantennas made of high-permittivity low-loss dielectric particles. In addition to the electric resonances, the dielectric particles exhibit very strong magnetic resonances at the nanoscale, that can be employed in the Yagi-Uda geometry for creating highly efficient optical nanoantennas. By comparing plasmonic and dielectric nanoantennas, we demonstrate that all-dielectric nanoantennas may exhibit better radiation efficiency also allowing more compact design.
505 citations
Cites background or methods from "Nanoantennas for visible and infrar..."
...In nanophotonics, directivity has been achieved for arrayed plasmonic antennas utilizing the Yagi-Uda design [37, 84, 90, 92, 93], large dielectric spheres [94], and metascreen antennas [95]....
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...In addition, small plasmonic nanoantennas possess weak directivity close to the directivity of a point dipole [90, 96, 97]....
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References
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01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: In this paper, a Potpourri of Particles is used to describe surface modes in small Particles and the Angular Dependence of Scattering is shown to be a function of the size of the particles.
Abstract: BASIC THEORY. Electromagnetic Theory. Absorption and Scattering by an Arbitrary Particle. Absorption and Scattering by a Sphere. Particles Small Compared with the Wavelength. Rayleigh--Gans Theory. Geometrical Optics. A Potpourri of Particles. OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF BULK MATTER. Classical Theories of Optical Constants. Measured Optical Properties. OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF PARTICLES. Extinction. Surface Modes in Small Particles. Angular Dependence of Scattering. A Miscellany of Applications. Appendices. References. Index.
16,859 citations
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31 May 1995
TL;DR: This paper presents background history of space-grid time-domain techniques for Maxwell's equations scaling to very large problem sizes defense applications dual-use electromagnetics technology, and the proposed three-dimensional Yee algorithm for solving these equations.
Abstract: Part 1 Reinventing electromagnetics: background history of space-grid time-domain techniques for Maxwell's equations scaling to very large problem sizes defense applications dual-use electromagnetics technology. Part 2 The one-dimensional scalar wave equation: propagating wave solutions finite-difference approximation of the scalar wave equation dispersion relations for the one-dimensional wave equation numerical group velocity numerical stability. Part 3 Introduction to Maxwell's equations and the Yee algorithm: Maxwell's equations in three dimensions reduction to two dimensions equivalence to the wave equation in one dimension. Part 4 Numerical stability: TM mode time eigenvalue problem space eigenvalue problem extension to the full three-dimensional Yee algorithm. Part 5 Numerical dispersion: comparison with the ideal dispersion case reduction to the ideal dispersion case for special grid conditions dispersion-optimized basic Yee algorithm dispersion-optimized Yee algorithm with fourth-order accurate spatial differences. Part 6 Incident wave source conditions for free space and waveguides: requirements for the plane wave source condition the hard source total-field/scattered field formulation pure scattered field formulation choice of incident plane wave formulation. Part 7 Absorbing boundary conditions for free space and waveguides: Bayliss-Turkel scattered-wave annihilating operators Engquist-Majda one-way wave equations Higdon operator Liao extrapolation Mei-Fang superabsorption Berenger perfectly-matched layer (PML) absorbing boundary conditions for waveguides. Part 8 Near-to-far field transformation: obtaining phasor quantities via discrete fourier transformation surface equivalence theorem extension to three dimensions phasor domain. Part 9 Dispersive, nonlinear, and gain materials: linear isotropic case recursive convolution method linear gyrontropic case linear isotropic case auxiliary differential equation method, Lorentz gain media. Part 10 Local subcell models of the fine geometrical features: basis of contour-path FD-TD modelling the simplest contour-path subcell models the thin wire conformal modelling of curved surfaces the thin material sheet relativistic motion of PEC boundaries. Part 11 Explicit time-domain solution of Maxwell's equations using non-orthogonal and unstructured grids, Stephen Gedney and Faiza Lansing: nonuniform, orthogonal grids globally orthogonal global curvilinear co-ordinates irregular non-orthogonal unstructured grids analysis of printed circuit devices using the planar generalized Yee algorithm. Part 12 The body of revolution FD-TD algorithm, Thomas Jurgens and Gregory Saewert: field expansion difference equations for on-axis cells numerical stability PML absorbing boundary condition. Part 13 Modelling of electromagnetic fields in high-speed electronic circuits, Piket-May and Taflove. (part contents).
11,194 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, surface-enhanced Raman scattering was used to detect single molecules and single nanoparticles at room temperature with the use of surface enhanced Raman, and the intrinsic Raman enhancement factors were on the order of 10 14 to 10 15, much larger than the ensemble-averaged values derived from conventional measurements.
Abstract: Optical detection and spectroscopy of single molecules and single nanoparticles have been achieved at room temperature with the use of surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Individual silver colloidal nanoparticles were screened from a large heterogeneous population for special size-dependent properties and were then used to amplify the spectroscopic signatures of adsorbed molecules. For single rhodamine 6G molecules adsorbed on the selected nanoparticles, the intrinsic Raman enhancement factors were on the order of 10 14 to 10 15 , much larger than the ensemble-averaged values derived from conventional measurements. This enormous enhancement leads to vibrational Raman signals that are more intense and more stable than single-molecule fluorescence.
9,609 citations
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TL;DR: Recent advances at the intersection of plasmonics and photovoltaics are surveyed and an outlook on the future of solar cells based on these principles is offered.
Abstract: The emerging field of plasmonics has yielded methods for guiding and localizing light at the nanoscale, well below the scale of the wavelength of light in free space. Now plasmonics researchers are turning their attention to photovoltaics, where design approaches based on plasmonics can be used to improve absorption in photovoltaic devices, permitting a considerable reduction in the physical thickness of solar photovoltaic absorber layers, and yielding new options for solar-cell design. In this review, we survey recent advances at the intersection of plasmonics and photovoltaics and offer an outlook on the future of solar cells based on these principles.
8,028 citations
"Nanoantennas for visible and infrar..." refers background in this paper
...Absorption enhancement is particularly crucial for modern solar cell technologies [259, 260], especially for those realizations that move towards thin single-crystal films and intermediate-band nanocrystal insertions....
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