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Nanobiotechnology: A new generation of biomedicine - Innovative nanotechnology in key areas of biomedical engineering and cancer therapy

About: The article was published on 2012-01-01 and is currently open access. It has received 1 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Nanobiotechnology.
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Journal Article
TL;DR: Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles are significant in delimiting the blood brain barrier, increasing the loading efficiency in brain and also reducing the peripheral toxicity.
Abstract: The aim of any drug delivery system is not only to deliver a drug to specific site of action but also to maintain its therapeutic concentration at the targeted site. Most of the drugs used in CNS disorders cannot cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) due to their large molecular size, less lipid solubility and p-glycoprotein (p-gp) efflux mechanism resulting in low drug concentration in brain. Among the current strategies for brain targeting drug delivery, biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles are significant in delimiting the blood brain barrier, increasing the loading efficiency in brain and also reducing the peripheral toxicity. The present review emphasizes on the surface modified polymeric nanoparticles in enhancing drug delivery across the blood brain barrier.

13 citations


Cites background from "Nanobiotechnology: A new generation..."

  • ...Insulin: Insulin is not a suitable ligand based nanotechnology because of rapid degradation in blood stream (serum half-life 10 minutes) and hypoglycaemia due to possible interference with natural insulin balance (58)....

    [...]

References
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Journal Article
TL;DR: The surface mechanisms, which affords red blood cells long-circulatory lives and the ability of specific microorganisms to evade macrophage recognition, are explored and the rational approaches in the design as well as the biological performance of such constructs are assessed.
Abstract: The rapid recognition of intravenously injected colloidal carriers, such as liposomes and polymeric nanospheres from the blood by Kupffer cells, has initiated a surge of development for "Kupffer cell-evading" or long-circulating particles. Such carriers have applications in vascular drug delivery and release, site-specific targeting (passive as well as active targeting), as well as transfusion medicine. In this article we have critically reviewed and assessed the rational approaches in the design as well as the biological performance of such constructs. For engineering and design of long-circulating carriers, we have taken a lead from nature. Here, we have explored the surface mechanisms, which affords red blood cells long-circulatory lives and the ability of specific microorganisms to evade macrophage recognition. Our analysis is then centered where such strategies have been translated and fabricated to design a wide range of particulate carriers (e.g., nanospheres, liposomes, micelles, oil-in-water emulsions) with prolonged circulation and/or target specificity. With regard to the targeting issues, attention is particularly focused on the importance of physiological barriers and disease states.

3,413 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review presents the most outstanding contributions in the field of biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles used as drug delivery systems from 1990 through mid-2000.

3,284 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: How PEGylation can result in drugs that are often more effective and safer, and which show improved patient convenience and compliance are reviewed.
Abstract: Protein and peptide drugs hold great promise as therapeutic agents. However, many are degraded by proteolytic enzymes, can be rapidly cleared by the kidneys, generate neutralizing antibodies and have a short circulating half-life. Pegylation, the process by which polyethylene glycol chains are attached to protein and peptide drugs, can overcome these and other shortcomings. By increasing the molecular mass of proteins and peptides and shielding them from proteolytic enzymes, pegylation improves pharmacokinetics. This article will review how PEGylation can result in drugs that are often more effective and safer, and which show improved patient convenience and compliance.

3,142 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a passive targeting mechanism, active targeting strategies using ligands or antibodies directed against selected tumor targets amplify the specificity of these therapeutic nanoparticles, enabling them to carry their loaded active drugs to cancer cells by selectively using the unique pathophysiology of tumors.
Abstract: Cancer nanotherapeutics are rapidly progressing and are being implemented to solve several limitations of conventional drug delivery systems such as nonspecific biodistribution and targeting, lack of water solubility, poor oral bioavailability, and low therapeutic indices. To improve the biodistribution of cancer drugs, nanoparticles have been designed for optimal size and surface characteristics to increase their circulation time in the bloodstream. They are also able to carry their loaded active drugs to cancer cells by selectively using the unique pathophysiology of tumors, such as their enhanced permeability and retention effect and the tumor microenvironment. In addition to this passive targeting mechanism, active targeting strategies using ligands or antibodies directed against selected tumor targets amplify the specificity of these therapeutic nanoparticles. Drug resistance, another obstacle that impedes the efficacy of both molecularly targeted and conventional chemotherapeutic agents, might also be overcome, or at least reduced, using nanoparticles. Nanoparticles have the ability to accumulate in cells without being recognized by P-glycoprotein, one of the main mediators of multidrug resistance, resulting in the increased intracellular concentration of drugs. Multifunctional and multiplex nanoparticles are now being actively investigated and are on the horizon as the next generation of nanoparticles, facilitating personalized and tailored cancer treatment.

2,558 citations