Nanomaterials: An Introduction
01 Jan 2021-Vol. 16, pp 1-27
Abstract: Nanotechnology offers a significant advantage in science, engineering, medicine, medical surgery, foods, packing, clothes, robotics, and computing from the beginning of the twenty-first century. As the potential scientific discovery always contains some good and bad effects on human civilization and the environment, nanotechnology is not an exception. The major drawbacks include economic disruption along with imposing threats to security, privacy, health, and environment. The introduction of the chapter discusses the historical background of nanotechnology. Later it also discusses the advancement of nanotechnology to date with its benefits. Major drawbacks of nanotechnology arise in human health due to the enormous involvement in medicine, food, agriculture, etc. This chapter also deals with environmental nano pollution and its effect on society, highlighting the social-economic disruption due to the rapid use of nanotechnology. Nano pollution affects not only human beings but also other living beings like microorganisms, animals and plants, which are briefly reviewed. This chapter also demonstrates the safety and security of nanotechnological developments, current policy and regulation status, challenges, and future trends. Finally, it is concluded, while nanotechnology offers more efficient power sources, faster and modern computers and technologies, life-saving medical treatments, but due to some negative impacts, it bounds us to think twice before any further advanced technological applications.
Citations
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TL;DR: In this article, a nanosecond pulse laser-assisted photoporation using titanium-oxide nanotubes (TNT) for highly efficient intracellular delivery has been established.
10 citations
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TL;DR: In this article , the authors present diverse aptamer-functionalized hybrid nanomaterial conjugates designs and their applications for sensing and decontamination, and several isolated aptamer sequences for algal toxins are addressed in this review.
9 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper , a D-shaped photonic crystal fiber sensor with 10 layers of graphene on the surface plasmon of gold is proposed for tuning refractive index (RI) sensitivity in the visible and IR regions.
Abstract: A simple design of a D-shaped photonic crystal fiber sensor with 10 layers of graphene on the surface plasmon of gold is proposed for tuning refractive index (RI) sensitivity in the visible and IR regions. The proposed structure has been simulated by optimizing the mesh size and the method of finite-difference eigenmode. By tuning the chemical potential of graphene ( μ c ), we realize tunable and enhanced RI sensing for a wide RI range from 1.35 to 1.42. The maximum wavelength sensitivities of the proposed sensor are 5200 nm/RIU, 6000 nm/RIU, and 7500 nm/RIU for μ c = 0.8 e v , 1.0 ev, and 1.2 ev, respectively. Further, sensor characteristic parameters such as amplitude sensitivity, resolution, and figure of merit have been investigated for different chemical potentials. All dramatic changes in sensor parameters show an advancement plan to control and tune RI-based optical sensors assisted by graphene.
6 citations
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01 Jan 2023TL;DR: In this paper , the authors focused on the collateral effects of the nanoparticles on the human and environmental health and proposed a method to assess and assess NP environmental effect, interactions with live creatures, and their accumulation in ecosystems.
Abstract: The development of nanotechnology in the field of agriculture and environment during recent times has significantly advanced the area and paved the way for future nanotechnologies. Though the substantial effect of the particle size on the material toxicities has been well recognized, however, the effect of the particle size on the nanoparticle behavior and reactivity is not well known. Currently, nanoparticles are used to tackle the environment pollution in terms of removal of toxins from water, soil, sewage, and air. They have also been employed in environmental instrumentation, including sensors, green nanotechnology, and greenhouse gas reduction. However, apart from these, there are some harmful effects of the nanoparticles on the environment. Therefore, using NPs in remediation treatments is not a short-term solution. However, it is critical to study and assess NP environmental effect, interactions with live creatures, and their accumulation in ecosystems. Considering all these factors, the current chapter is focused on the study of the collateral effects of the nanoparticles on the human and environmental health.
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TL;DR: In this paper , the authors have fabricated cellulose-based films hybridized with chitosan and g-C3N4 for visible light-induced removal of methylene blue and Cr (VI) ions from water.
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TL;DR: The STIS revealed the type of effects of 13 nanomaterials, and micron-scale ZnO, information on their toxic potency, and the location and reversibility of effects, and confirmed that most effects were at least partially reversible during the post-exposure period.
Abstract: A standard short-term inhalation study (STIS) was applied for hazard assessment of 13 metal oxide nanomaterials and micron-scale zinc oxide. Rats were exposed to test material aerosols (ranging from 0.5 to 50 mg/m3) for five consecutive days with 14- or 21-day post-exposure observation. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and histopathological sections of the entire respiratory tract were examined. Pulmonary deposition and clearance and test material translocation into extra-pulmonary organs were assessed. Inhaled nanomaterials were found in the lung, in alveolar macrophages, and in the draining lymph nodes. Polyacrylate-coated silica was also found in the spleen, and both zinc oxides elicited olfactory epithelium necrosis. None of the other nanomaterials was recorded in extra-pulmonary organs. Eight nanomaterials did not elicit pulmonary effects, and their no observed adverse effect concentrations (NOAECs) were at least 10 mg/m3. Five materials (coated nano-TiO2, both ZnO, both CeO2) evoked concentration-dependent transient pulmonary inflammation. Most effects were at least partially reversible during the post-exposure period. Based on the NOAECs that were derived from quantitative parameters, with BALF polymorphonuclear (PMN) neutrophil counts and total protein concentration being most sensitive, or from the severity of histopathological findings, the materials were ranked by increasing toxic potency into 3 grades: lower toxic potency: BaSO4; SiO2.acrylate (by local NOAEC); SiO2.PEG; SiO2.phosphate; SiO2.amino; nano-ZrO2; ZrO2.TODA; ZrO2.acrylate; medium toxic potency: SiO2.naked; higher toxic potency: coated nano-TiO2; nano-CeO2; Al-doped nano-CeO2; micron-scale ZnO; coated nano-ZnO (and SiO2.acrylate by systemic no observed effect concentration (NOEC)). The STIS revealed the type of effects of 13 nanomaterials, and micron-scale ZnO, information on their toxic potency, and the location and reversibility of effects. Assessment of lung burden and material translocation provided preliminary biokinetic information. Based upon the study results, the STIS protocol was re-assessed and preliminary suggestions regarding the grouping of nanomaterials for safety assessment were spelled out.
142 citations
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15 Sep 2000TL;DR: A possible mechanism for the Ag(0) nanoparticles formation is proposed and is proposed based on the present investigation.
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140 citations