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Book ChapterDOI

Nanomaterials: An Introduction

Abstract: Nanotechnology offers a significant advantage in science, engineering, medicine, medical surgery, foods, packing, clothes, robotics, and computing from the beginning of the twenty-first century. As the potential scientific discovery always contains some good and bad effects on human civilization and the environment, nanotechnology is not an exception. The major drawbacks include economic disruption along with imposing threats to security, privacy, health, and environment. The introduction of the chapter discusses the historical background of nanotechnology. Later it also discusses the advancement of nanotechnology to date with its benefits. Major drawbacks of nanotechnology arise in human health due to the enormous involvement in medicine, food, agriculture, etc. This chapter also deals with environmental nano pollution and its effect on society, highlighting the social-economic disruption due to the rapid use of nanotechnology. Nano pollution affects not only human beings but also other living beings like microorganisms, animals and plants, which are briefly reviewed. This chapter also demonstrates the safety and security of nanotechnological developments, current policy and regulation status, challenges, and future trends. Finally, it is concluded, while nanotechnology offers more efficient power sources, faster and modern computers and technologies, life-saving medical treatments, but due to some negative impacts, it bounds us to think twice before any further advanced technological applications.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a nanosecond pulse laser-assisted photoporation using titanium-oxide nanotubes (TNT) for highly efficient intracellular delivery has been established.

10 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , the authors present diverse aptamer-functionalized hybrid nanomaterial conjugates designs and their applications for sensing and decontamination, and several isolated aptamer sequences for algal toxins are addressed in this review.

9 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper , a D-shaped photonic crystal fiber sensor with 10 layers of graphene on the surface plasmon of gold is proposed for tuning refractive index (RI) sensitivity in the visible and IR regions.
Abstract: A simple design of a D-shaped photonic crystal fiber sensor with 10 layers of graphene on the surface plasmon of gold is proposed for tuning refractive index (RI) sensitivity in the visible and IR regions. The proposed structure has been simulated by optimizing the mesh size and the method of finite-difference eigenmode. By tuning the chemical potential of graphene ( μ c ), we realize tunable and enhanced RI sensing for a wide RI range from 1.35 to 1.42. The maximum wavelength sensitivities of the proposed sensor are 5200 nm/RIU, 6000 nm/RIU, and 7500 nm/RIU for μ c = 0.8 e v , 1.0 ev, and 1.2 ev, respectively. Further, sensor characteristic parameters such as amplitude sensitivity, resolution, and figure of merit have been investigated for different chemical potentials. All dramatic changes in sensor parameters show an advancement plan to control and tune RI-based optical sensors assisted by graphene.

6 citations

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 2023
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors focused on the collateral effects of the nanoparticles on the human and environmental health and proposed a method to assess and assess NP environmental effect, interactions with live creatures, and their accumulation in ecosystems.
Abstract: The development of nanotechnology in the field of agriculture and environment during recent times has significantly advanced the area and paved the way for future nanotechnologies. Though the substantial effect of the particle size on the material toxicities has been well recognized, however, the effect of the particle size on the nanoparticle behavior and reactivity is not well known. Currently, nanoparticles are used to tackle the environment pollution in terms of removal of toxins from water, soil, sewage, and air. They have also been employed in environmental instrumentation, including sensors, green nanotechnology, and greenhouse gas reduction. However, apart from these, there are some harmful effects of the nanoparticles on the environment. Therefore, using NPs in remediation treatments is not a short-term solution. However, it is critical to study and assess NP environmental effect, interactions with live creatures, and their accumulation in ecosystems. Considering all these factors, the current chapter is focused on the study of the collateral effects of the nanoparticles on the human and environmental health.

1 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors have fabricated cellulose-based films hybridized with chitosan and g-C3N4 for visible light-induced removal of methylene blue and Cr (VI) ions from water.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The application of Graphene Quantum Dots (GQDs) as efficient fluorescence probes for single cell tracking using high-resolution confocal microscopy as well as a potential in vivo fluorescent imaging agent is reported.
Abstract: Fluorescence probes are essential for in vivo molecular imaging as well as cell tracking applications. Probes that emit in the far red wavelength penetrate better through biological tissue and the autofluorescence background is reduced at higher wavelengths, making such probes highly desirable. We report the application of Graphene Quantum Dots (GQDs) as efficient fluorescence probes for single cell tracking using high-resolution confocal microscopy as well as a potential in vivo fluorescent imaging agent. High-quality water soluble GQDs were synthesized by ablating highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) in liquid using a nanosecond pulsed laser. Refluxing GQDs at 200 °C for 20 minutes and 1 hour produces excitation independent broad emission peaking at 600 nm and excitation dependent color-tunable emission, respectively. These emission properties can be attributed to the functional groups such as carboxyl and hydroxyl groups on the surface or edges. MTT assays with the breast cancer (MCF-7) cell line suggest that 20 min and 1 h GQDs had 80% viability post incubation with concentrations as high as 2 mg mL−1. The paper also explores the molecular tracking functionality of GQDs. Fluorescence microscopy showed that MCF-7 cells incubated for up to 48 hours with GQDs, internalized the GQDs, by caveolae-mediated endocytosis without any targeting moiety. In addition, high-resolution Z stacking and 3D confocal microscopy of a single live MCF-7 cell confirm successful uptake of GQDs into the cytoplasm by endocytosis. Fluorescence imaging of GQDs loaded in polyacrylamide gel and subcutaneously implanted near the thoracic region of an euthanized mice was done to explore the feasibility of in vivo imaging using GQDs. Deep red fluorescence (610 nm emission filter) was observed from the implanted region with relatively low autofluorescence background.

39 citations

Book
08 Apr 2008
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a detailed history of the development and application of MEMS devices in commercial and military applications, as well as their performance and performance requirements for various types of actuation mechanisms.
Abstract: Foreword Preface Highlights and Chronological Developmental History of MEMS Devices Involving Nanotechnology Introduction What Is MEMS? Potential Applications of MEMS Devices in Commercial and Space Systems MEMS Technology for Military Systems Applications MEMS for Commercial, Industrial, Scientific, and Biomedical System Applications MEMS Technology for Hard-Disk Drives MEMS Devices for Uncooled Thermal Imaging Arrays and Cooled Focal Planar Arrays for Various Applications Applications of Nanotechnology in IR and Electro-Optical Sensors for Biometric and Security Applications MEMS Technology for Medical Applications MEMS Technology for Satellite Communications and Space Systems Applications MEMS Devices for Auto Industry Applications MEMS Technology for Aerospace System Applications Potential Actuation Mechanisms, Their Performance Capabilities, and Applications Introduction Classification of Actuation Mechanisms Structural Requirements and Performance Capabilities of Electrostatic Actuation Mechanism Piezoelectric Actuation Mechanism Electrothermal Actuation Mechanism Electromagnetic Actuation Mechanism Electrodynamic Actuation Mechanism Electrochemical Actuation Mechanism Latest and Unique Methods for Actuation Introduction Electrostatic Rotary Microactuator with Improved Shaped Design Unique Microactuator Design for HHD Applications Capabilities of Vertical Comb Array Microactuator Capabilities of Bent-Beam Electrothermal Actuators Packaging, Processing, and Material Requirements for MEMS Devices Introduction Packaging and Fabrication Materials Impact of Environments on MEMS Performance Material Requirements for Electrostatic Actuator Components Substrate Materials Best Suited for Various MEMS Devices RF-MEMS Switches Operating at Microwave and mm-Wave Frequencies Introduction Operating Principle and Critical Performance Parameters of MEMS Devices Performance Capabilities and Design Aspects of RF-MEMS Shunt Switches MEMS Shunt Switch Configuration for High Isolation MEMS Switches Using Metallic Membranes RF-MEMS Switches with Low-Actuation Voltage RF-MEMS Series Switches Effects of Packaging Environments on the Functionality and Reliability of the MEMS Switches Packaging Material Requirements for MEMS Switches RF/Microwave MEMS Phase Shifter Introduction Properties and Parameters of CPW Transmission Lines Distributed MEMS Transmission-Line Phase Shifters Design Aspects and DMTL Parameter Requirements for TTD Phase Shifters Operating at mm-Wave Frequencies Two-Bit MEMS DMTL Phase Shifter Designs Multi-Bit Digital Phase Shifter Operating at K and Ka Frequencies Ultrawide Band Four-Bit True Time-Delay MEMS Phase Shifter Operating over dc-40 GHz Two-Bit, V-Band Reflection-Type MEMS Phase Shifter Three-Bit, Ultralow Loss Distributed Phase Shifter Operating over K-Band Frequencies Three-Bit, V-Band, Reflection-Type Distributed MEMS Phase Shifter Applications of Micropumps and Microfluidic Introduction Potential Applications of Micropumps Design Aspects of Fixed-Valve Micropumps Dynamic Modeling for Piezoelectric Valve-Free Micropumps Design Aspects and Performance Capabilities of an Electrohydrodynamic Ion-Drag Micropump Capabilities of a Ferrofluidic Magnetic Micropump Miscellaneous MEMS/Nanotechnology Devices and Sensors for Commercial and Military Applications Introduction MEMS Varactors or Tunable Capacitors Micromechanical Resonators Micromechanical Filters Transceivers Oscillator Using Micromechanical Resonator Technology V-Band MEMS-Based Tunable Band-Pass Filters MEMS-Based Strain Sensors MEMS Interferometric Accelerometers MEMS-Based Micro-Heat Pipes MEMS-Based Thin-Film Microbatteries Materials for MEMS- and Nanotechnology-Based Sensors and Devices Introduction Photonic Crystals Nanotechnology-Based Materials and Applications Nanoparticles Quantum Dots Nanobubbles MEMS Deformable Micro-Mirrors Carbon Nanotubes and CNT Arrays Nanotechnology- and MEMS-Based Sensors and Devices for Specific Applications Index A Summary and References appear at the end of each chapter.

36 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The nanosecond-pulsed laser-activated plasmonic photoporation mediated by high-aspect-ratio nano-corrugated mushroom-shaped gold-coated polystyrene nanoparticles (nm-AuPNPs) at near-infrared wavelength has proven to have an inevitable potential for biological cell research and therapeutic applications.
Abstract: Here, an efficient intracellular delivery of molecules with high cell viability is reported using nanosecond-pulsed laser-activated plasmonic photoporation, mediated by high-aspect-ratio nano-corrugated mushroom-shaped gold-coated polystyrene nanoparticles (nm-AuPNPs) at near-infrared wavelength. Upon pulsed laser illumination, nm-AuPNPs exhibit greater plasmonic extinction than spherical AuPNPs, which increase their energy efficiency and reduce the necessary illumination of light, effectively controlling cell damage and improving the delivery efficiency. Nm-AuPNPs exhibit surface plasmon absorption at near infrared region with a peak at 945 nm. Pulsed laser illumination at this plasmon peak triggers explosive nanobubbles, which create transient membrane pores, allowing the delivery of dyes, quantum dots and plasmids into the different cell types. The results can be tuned by laser fluence, exposure time, molecular size and concentration of nm-AuPNPs. The best results are found for CL1-0 cells, which yielded a 94% intracellular PI dye uptake and ∼100% cell viability at 35 mJ cm−2 laser fluence for 945 nm wavelength. Thus, the presented approach has proven to have an inevitable potential for biological cell research and therapeutic applications.

35 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Interestingly, both colloidal suspensions and thin films show an enhanced air stability with respect to that of any other previous tin-based nanocrystalline system, with emission persisting for tens of hours under laboratory air.
Abstract: We report the synthesis and characterization of nanocrystals of a novel fully inorganic lead-free zero-dimensional perovskite, Cs4SnBr6. Samples are made of crystals with an average size of ∼20 nm with green emission centered around 530 nm. Interestingly, both colloidal suspensions and thin films show an enhanced air stability with respect to that of any other previous tin-based nanocrystalline system, with emission persisting for tens of hours under laboratory air.

35 citations

Journal Article
TL;DR: Sub-chronic toxicity data indicate that, in general, NPs form aggregates and agglomerates and cause foreign body reactions at their applied sites with inflammatory cell, including macrophage, infiltration, and indicate that careful assessment of NPs is indispensable.
Abstract: Nanotechnology has considerable socioeconomic potential. Benefits afforded by engineered nanoparticles (NP: defined as being less than 100 nm in diameter) are expected to be significant in fields such as plastics, energy, electronics, aerospace and medicine. However, NPs are being introduced into the market without adequate assessment of their potential toxicities. It is urgently important to conduct risk assessment of commercial NPs and establish a framework enabling risk management which is not subordinate to their commercial production. An overview of currently available carcinogenicity risk evaluation results of NP materials raises serious questions as to their safety. NP sized titanium dioxide (nTiO(2)) and carbon black (nCB) are carcinogenic to the lung of female rats, and the tumors preferentially include squamous cell morphology. Carbon nanotubes (CNT) induce mesotheliomas when applied intraperitoneally in rats and mice. Data for Fullerenes are insufficient to evaluate carcinogenic risk. Sub-chronic toxicity data indicate that, in general, NPs form aggregates and agglomerates and cause foreign body reactions at their applied sites with inflammatory cell, including macrophage, infiltration. These findings are similar to the biological effects of asbestos, a potent carcinogen, and indicate that careful assessment of NPs is indispensable.

31 citations

Trending Questions (1)
What are benefits and drawbacks of Nanotechnology?

Benefits of nanotechnology include advancements in science, engineering, medicine, and technology. Drawbacks include economic disruption and threats to security, privacy, health, and the environment.