Nanomaterials: An Introduction
01 Jan 2021-Vol. 16, pp 1-27
Abstract: Nanotechnology offers a significant advantage in science, engineering, medicine, medical surgery, foods, packing, clothes, robotics, and computing from the beginning of the twenty-first century. As the potential scientific discovery always contains some good and bad effects on human civilization and the environment, nanotechnology is not an exception. The major drawbacks include economic disruption along with imposing threats to security, privacy, health, and environment. The introduction of the chapter discusses the historical background of nanotechnology. Later it also discusses the advancement of nanotechnology to date with its benefits. Major drawbacks of nanotechnology arise in human health due to the enormous involvement in medicine, food, agriculture, etc. This chapter also deals with environmental nano pollution and its effect on society, highlighting the social-economic disruption due to the rapid use of nanotechnology. Nano pollution affects not only human beings but also other living beings like microorganisms, animals and plants, which are briefly reviewed. This chapter also demonstrates the safety and security of nanotechnological developments, current policy and regulation status, challenges, and future trends. Finally, it is concluded, while nanotechnology offers more efficient power sources, faster and modern computers and technologies, life-saving medical treatments, but due to some negative impacts, it bounds us to think twice before any further advanced technological applications.
Citations
More filters
TL;DR: In this article, a nanosecond pulse laser-assisted photoporation using titanium-oxide nanotubes (TNT) for highly efficient intracellular delivery has been established.
10 citations
TL;DR: In this article , the authors present diverse aptamer-functionalized hybrid nanomaterial conjugates designs and their applications for sensing and decontamination, and several isolated aptamer sequences for algal toxins are addressed in this review.
9 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , a D-shaped photonic crystal fiber sensor with 10 layers of graphene on the surface plasmon of gold is proposed for tuning refractive index (RI) sensitivity in the visible and IR regions.
Abstract: A simple design of a D-shaped photonic crystal fiber sensor with 10 layers of graphene on the surface plasmon of gold is proposed for tuning refractive index (RI) sensitivity in the visible and IR regions. The proposed structure has been simulated by optimizing the mesh size and the method of finite-difference eigenmode. By tuning the chemical potential of graphene ( μ c ), we realize tunable and enhanced RI sensing for a wide RI range from 1.35 to 1.42. The maximum wavelength sensitivities of the proposed sensor are 5200 nm/RIU, 6000 nm/RIU, and 7500 nm/RIU for μ c = 0.8 e v , 1.0 ev, and 1.2 ev, respectively. Further, sensor characteristic parameters such as amplitude sensitivity, resolution, and figure of merit have been investigated for different chemical potentials. All dramatic changes in sensor parameters show an advancement plan to control and tune RI-based optical sensors assisted by graphene.
6 citations
01 Jan 2023
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors focused on the collateral effects of the nanoparticles on the human and environmental health and proposed a method to assess and assess NP environmental effect, interactions with live creatures, and their accumulation in ecosystems.
Abstract: The development of nanotechnology in the field of agriculture and environment during recent times has significantly advanced the area and paved the way for future nanotechnologies. Though the substantial effect of the particle size on the material toxicities has been well recognized, however, the effect of the particle size on the nanoparticle behavior and reactivity is not well known. Currently, nanoparticles are used to tackle the environment pollution in terms of removal of toxins from water, soil, sewage, and air. They have also been employed in environmental instrumentation, including sensors, green nanotechnology, and greenhouse gas reduction. However, apart from these, there are some harmful effects of the nanoparticles on the environment. Therefore, using NPs in remediation treatments is not a short-term solution. However, it is critical to study and assess NP environmental effect, interactions with live creatures, and their accumulation in ecosystems. Considering all these factors, the current chapter is focused on the study of the collateral effects of the nanoparticles on the human and environmental health.
1 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors have fabricated cellulose-based films hybridized with chitosan and g-C3N4 for visible light-induced removal of methylene blue and Cr (VI) ions from water.
References
More filters
TL;DR: In this article, a green technique, discontinuous vertical evaporation-driven colloidal deposition, was used to produce conducting gold nanoparticle wire for the detection of chemical and biological molecules.
Abstract: Nanoparticle wire and integrated nanoparticle wire array have been prepared through a green technique: discontinuous vertical evaporation-driven colloidal deposition. The conducting gold nanoparticle wire made by this technique shows ability for the sensitive electronic detection of chemical and biological molecules due to its high surface to volume ratio. Furthermore, we also demonstrate a potential usage of integrated gold nanoparticle wire array for the localized detection.
18 citations
29 May 2013
TL;DR: The first gene transfer by custom-built electroporation chamber on murine cells was performed by Neumann et al. in 1982, and a strong polarization of the cell membrane occur due to the high external electric field.
Abstract: When a certain strong electrical pulse applied across a cell or tissue, the structures of the cell or tissue would be rearranged to cause the permeabilization of the cell membrane, named in early 1980’s “electroporation”[1]. The theoretical and experimental studies of electric field effects on living cells with their bilayer lipid membrane has been studies in 1960’s to 1970’s century [1-6]. During these years, the researches were primarily dealt with reversible and irreversible membrane breakdown in vitro. Based on these research, the first gene transfer by custom-built electroporation chamber on murine cells was performed by Neumann et al. in 1982 [7]. When electric field (E≈0.2V, Usually 0.5-1V) applied across the cell membrane, a significant amount of electrical conductivity can increase on the cell plasma membrane. As a result, this electric field can create primary membrane “nanopores” with minimum 1 nm radius, which can transport small amount of ions such as Na+ and Clthrough this mem‐ brane “nanopores”. The essential features of electroporation included (a) short electric pulse application (b) lipid bilayer charging (c) structural rearrangements within the cell mem‐ brane (d) water-filled membrane structures, which can perforate the membrane (“aqueous pathways” or pores) and (e) increment of molecular and ionic transportation [8]. In conven‐ tional electroporation (Bulk electroporation) technique, an external high electric field pulses were applied to millions of cells in suspension together in-between two large electrodes. When this electric field was above the critical breakdown potential of the cell, a strong polarization of the cell membrane occur due to the high external electric field. Applying a very high electric field could be resulted in the formation of millions of pores into the cell membrane simultaneously without reversibility [9]. Several methods other than electropora‐ tion can be used for gene transfer like microprecipitates, microinjection, sonoporation,
18 citations
DOI•
08 Jan 2015
TL;DR: This review article presents the overview of green biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNP) and their recent biomedical applications.
Abstract: Nanotechnology is an emerging field of science and technology with numerous applications in biomedical fields and manufacturing new materials. To extract gold nanoparticles with different techniques, green biosynthesis is in under exploration due to its cost effective ecofriendly preparation with controllable shape, size and disparity, tremendous physical and chemical inertness, optical properties related with surface plasmon resonance, surface modification, surface bio-conjugation with molecular probes, excellent biocompatibility and less toxicity. This review article presents the overview of green biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNP) and their recent biomedical applications.
16 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the frequency-dependent photoconductivity of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and double-wool carbon nano-graphs (DWCNTs), with both metallic and semiconducting tubes, was investigated.
16 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the experimental results on temperature-dependent studies of interactions between a novel biocompatible thermosensitive polymer hydrogel and different stabilizing agent capped gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) with particle size ranging from 5 to 20 nm.
Abstract: We report the experimental results on temperature-dependent studies of interactions between a novel biocompatible thermosensitive polymer hydrogel and different stabilizing agent capped gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) with particle size ranging from 5 to 20 nm. Stabilizing agents such as thioglycolic acid, tryptophan, and phenylalanine have been used as capping agents for Au NPs. The poly-N-isopropyl acrylamide-co-acrylic acid (pNIPAm-AAc) with 3.0 ± 0.7 μm in size was synthesized by radical polymerization of a selected mixture of N-isopropyl acrylamide (NIPAm), methylene-bis-acrylamide and acrylic acid (AAc). The capped Au NPs were mixed with a solution of pNIPAm-AAc hydrogel. The temperature-dependent properties of the mixture were studied by UV–vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering based particle size analysis, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The observations indicated change in the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) depending on the nature of the stabilizer, with hydrophobic ones lowering the value while hydrophilic stabilizers increasing the same. Also, the optical absorption due to Au NPs, when stabilized with hydrophobic groups, reduced significantly at above LCST along with significant blue shift of wavelength maximum.
15 citations