Nanomaterials: An Introduction
01 Jan 2021-Vol. 16, pp 1-27
Abstract: Nanotechnology offers a significant advantage in science, engineering, medicine, medical surgery, foods, packing, clothes, robotics, and computing from the beginning of the twenty-first century. As the potential scientific discovery always contains some good and bad effects on human civilization and the environment, nanotechnology is not an exception. The major drawbacks include economic disruption along with imposing threats to security, privacy, health, and environment. The introduction of the chapter discusses the historical background of nanotechnology. Later it also discusses the advancement of nanotechnology to date with its benefits. Major drawbacks of nanotechnology arise in human health due to the enormous involvement in medicine, food, agriculture, etc. This chapter also deals with environmental nano pollution and its effect on society, highlighting the social-economic disruption due to the rapid use of nanotechnology. Nano pollution affects not only human beings but also other living beings like microorganisms, animals and plants, which are briefly reviewed. This chapter also demonstrates the safety and security of nanotechnological developments, current policy and regulation status, challenges, and future trends. Finally, it is concluded, while nanotechnology offers more efficient power sources, faster and modern computers and technologies, life-saving medical treatments, but due to some negative impacts, it bounds us to think twice before any further advanced technological applications.
Citations
More filters
TL;DR: In this article, a nanosecond pulse laser-assisted photoporation using titanium-oxide nanotubes (TNT) for highly efficient intracellular delivery has been established.
10 citations
TL;DR: In this article , the authors present diverse aptamer-functionalized hybrid nanomaterial conjugates designs and their applications for sensing and decontamination, and several isolated aptamer sequences for algal toxins are addressed in this review.
9 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , a D-shaped photonic crystal fiber sensor with 10 layers of graphene on the surface plasmon of gold is proposed for tuning refractive index (RI) sensitivity in the visible and IR regions.
Abstract: A simple design of a D-shaped photonic crystal fiber sensor with 10 layers of graphene on the surface plasmon of gold is proposed for tuning refractive index (RI) sensitivity in the visible and IR regions. The proposed structure has been simulated by optimizing the mesh size and the method of finite-difference eigenmode. By tuning the chemical potential of graphene ( μ c ), we realize tunable and enhanced RI sensing for a wide RI range from 1.35 to 1.42. The maximum wavelength sensitivities of the proposed sensor are 5200 nm/RIU, 6000 nm/RIU, and 7500 nm/RIU for μ c = 0.8 e v , 1.0 ev, and 1.2 ev, respectively. Further, sensor characteristic parameters such as amplitude sensitivity, resolution, and figure of merit have been investigated for different chemical potentials. All dramatic changes in sensor parameters show an advancement plan to control and tune RI-based optical sensors assisted by graphene.
6 citations
01 Jan 2023
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors focused on the collateral effects of the nanoparticles on the human and environmental health and proposed a method to assess and assess NP environmental effect, interactions with live creatures, and their accumulation in ecosystems.
Abstract: The development of nanotechnology in the field of agriculture and environment during recent times has significantly advanced the area and paved the way for future nanotechnologies. Though the substantial effect of the particle size on the material toxicities has been well recognized, however, the effect of the particle size on the nanoparticle behavior and reactivity is not well known. Currently, nanoparticles are used to tackle the environment pollution in terms of removal of toxins from water, soil, sewage, and air. They have also been employed in environmental instrumentation, including sensors, green nanotechnology, and greenhouse gas reduction. However, apart from these, there are some harmful effects of the nanoparticles on the environment. Therefore, using NPs in remediation treatments is not a short-term solution. However, it is critical to study and assess NP environmental effect, interactions with live creatures, and their accumulation in ecosystems. Considering all these factors, the current chapter is focused on the study of the collateral effects of the nanoparticles on the human and environmental health.
1 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors have fabricated cellulose-based films hybridized with chitosan and g-C3N4 for visible light-induced removal of methylene blue and Cr (VI) ions from water.
References
More filters
TL;DR: The result showed that the combination of antibiotics with AgNPs have better antimicrobial effects, and a mechanism was also proposed to explain this phenomenon.
1,191 citations
TL;DR: Through physicochemical characterization and understanding of the multiple signaling cascades activated by NP-induced ROS, a systemic toxicity screen with oxidative stress as a predictive model for NP- induced injury can be developed.
Abstract: The rapidly emerging field of nanotechnology has offered innovative discoveries in the medical, industrial, and consumer sectors. The unique physicochemical and electrical properties of engineered nanoparticles (NP) make them highly desirable in a variety of applications. However, these novel properties of NP are fraught with concerns for environmental and occupational exposure. Changes in structural and physicochemical properties of NP can lead to changes in biological activities including ROS generation, one of the most frequently reported NP-associated toxicities. Oxidative stress induced by engineered NP is due to acellular factors such as particle surface, size, composition, and presence of metals, while cellular responses such as mitochondrial respiration, NP-cell interaction, and immune cell activation are responsible for ROS-mediated damage. NP-induced oxidative stress responses are torch bearers for further pathophysiological effects including genotoxicity, inflammation, and fibrosis as demonstrated by activation of associated cell signaling pathways. Since oxidative stress is a key determinant of NP-induced injury, it is necessary to characterize the ROS response resulting from NP. Through physicochemical characterization and understanding of the multiple signaling cascades activated by NP-induced ROS, a systemic toxicity screen with oxidative stress as a predictive model for NP-induced injury can be developed.
1,158 citations
TL;DR: This paper summarizes and critically assesses the current studies focusing on adverse effects of Ag NPs on human health and the mechanisms for Ag NP induced toxicity include the effects of this particle on cell membranes, mitochondria and genetic material.
1,118 citations
04 Mar 2008-Food Additives and Contaminants Part A-chemistry Analysis Control Exposure & Risk Assessment
TL;DR: The toxicological nature of hazard, likelihood of exposure and risk to consumers from nanotechnology-derived food/food packaging are largely unknown and this review highlights major gaps in knowledge that require further research.
Abstract: A review of current and projected nanotechnology-derived food ingredients, food additives and food contact materials is presented in relation to potential implications for consumer safety and regulatory controls Nanotechnology applications are expected to bring a range of benefits to the food sector, including new tastes, textures and sensations, less use of fat, enhanced absorption of nutrients, improved packaging, traceability and security of food products The review has shown that nanotechnology-derived food and health food products are set to grow worldwide and, moreover, a variety of food ingredients, additives, carriers for nutrients/supplements and food contact materials is already available in some countries The current level of applications in the European food sector is at an elementary stage; however, it is widely expected that more and more products will be available in the EU over the coming years The toxicological nature of hazard, likelihood of exposure and risk to consumers from nanotechnology-derived food/food packaging are largely unknown and this review highlights major gaps in knowledge that require further research A number of uncertainties and gaps in relevant regulatory frameworks have also been identified and ways of addressing them proposed
1,111 citations
TL;DR: The use of gold nanoparticles to provide a suitable microenvironment for biomolecules immobilization retaining their biological activity, and to facilitate electron transfer between the immobilized proteins and electrode surfaces, has led to an intensive use of this nanomaterial for the construction of electrochemical biosensors with enhanced analytical performance with respect to other biosensor designs as discussed by the authors.
832 citations