Nanomaterials: Versatile Drug Carriers for Nanomedicine
01 Jan 2021-pp 253-296
TL;DR: In this article, the authors highlight the recent advancements and applications of nano-carriers for drug delivery in medicine, especially wound healing therapeutics, and discuss different approaches to enhance drug cargo capacity, improve cell delivery efficiency, to avoid host immune systems, and to achieve specific cell targeting.
Abstract: Certain medicines and therapies have emerged for the treatment of different ailments. But in many cases, they have poor solubility, lower bioavailability, inability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and drug resistance. It becomes essential to establish standard treatment systems for overcoming such challenges. In this connection, the nanomaterial application in medicine and pharmaceuticals has rapidly gained interest with revolutionary prospects. The idea of nano-carriers first observed in a biological system consisting of nanoparticles is committed to locomotory function and protein cargos like importin, exportin. This observation led to the development of biomimetic nanomaterials for drug delivery. The synthesized nanomaterials exhibit useful properties such as large surface area, maximum bioavailability, reduced toxicity, high specificity along with enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. These properties contribute to enhancing the efficacy of drugs having short half-lives, monitoring drugs for sustained release, enhancing the rate of dissolution of drugs, and reducing required dosage volume. Thus, increased therapeutic action and fewer side effects are to improve the quality of human life. Currently, many nano-carriers such as niosomes, dendrimers, fullerene, polymer-based nanoparticles, micelle, liposomes, hydrogels, metallic, mesoporous silica, quantum dots, etc. show potential for better drug delivery systems. These help in carrying entities like drug molecules, DNA/RNA, proteins, viruses, cell receptor sites, lipid bilayers, and variable antibody region for drug delivery in therapeutics. Such nano-therapeutics and diagnostics will unfold the secrets of human longevity and help reduce human illness, including cardiovascular disease, genetic disorder, immunodeficiency, cancer, and even viral infections. This chapter highlights recent advancements and applications of nano-carriers for drug delivery in medicine, especially wound healing therapeutics. It also discusses different approaches to enhance drug cargo capacity, improve cell delivery efficiency, to avoid host immune systems, and to achieve specific cell targeting.
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16 Dec 2022
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TL;DR: It is speculated that the tumoritropic accumulation of smancs and other proteins resulted because of the hypervasculature, an enhanced permeability to even macromolecules, and little recovery through either blood vessels or lymphatic vessels in tumors of tumor-bearing mice.
Abstract: We previously found that a polymer conjugated to the anticancer protein neocarzinostatin, named smancs, accumulated more in tumor tissues than did neocarzinostatin. To determine the general mechanism of this tumoritropic accumulation of smancs and other proteins, we used radioactive (51Cr-labeled) proteins of various molecular sizes (Mr 12,000 to 160,000) and other properties. In addition, we used dye-complexed serum albumin to visualize the accumulation in tumors of tumor-bearing mice. Many proteins progressively accumulated in the tumor tissues of these mice, and a ratio of the protein concentration in the tumor to that in the blood of 5 was obtained within 19 to 72 h. A large protein like immunoglobulin G required a longer time to reach this value of 5. The protein concentration ratio in the tumor to that in the blood of neither 1 nor 5 was achieved with neocarzinostatin, a representative of a small protein (Mr 12,000) in all time. We speculate that the tumoritropic accumulation of these proteins resulted because of the hypervasculature, an enhanced permeability to even macromolecules, and little recovery through either blood vessels or lymphatic vessels. This accumulation of macromolecules in the tumor was also found after i.v. injection of an albumin-dye complex (Mr 69,000), as well as after injection into normal and tumor tissues. The complex was retained only by tumor tissue for prolonged periods. There was little lymphatic recovery of macromolecules from tumor tissue. The present finding is of potential value in macromolecular tumor therapeutics and diagnosis.
6,483 citations
TL;DR: An overview on some of the currently used systems for drug delivery, varying from biological substances like albumin, gelatine and phospholipids for liposomes, and more substances of a chemical nature like various polymers and solid metal containing nanoparticles is provided.
Abstract: The use of nanotechnology in medicine and more specifically drug delivery is set to spread rapidly. Currently many substances are under investigation for drug delivery and more specifically for cancer therapy. Interestingly pharmaceutical sciences are using nanoparticles to reduce toxicity and side effects of drugs and up to recently did not realize that carrier systems themselves may impose risks to the patient. The kind of hazards that are introduced by using nanoparticles for drug delivery are beyond that posed by conventional hazards imposed by chemicals in classical delivery matrices. For nanoparticles the knowledge on particle toxicity as obtained in inhalation toxicity shows the way how to investigate the potential hazards of nanoparticles. The toxicology of particulate matter differs from toxicology of substances as the composing chemical(s) may or may not be soluble in biological matrices, thus influencing greatly the potential exposure of various internal organs. This may vary from a rather high local exposure in the lungs and a low or neglectable exposure for other organ systems after inhalation. However, absorbed species may also influence the potential toxicity of the inhaled particles. For nanoparticles the situation is different as their size opens the potential for crossing the various biological barriers within the body. From a positive viewpoint, especially the potential to cross the blood brain barrier may open new ways for drug delivery into the brain. In addition, the nanosize also allows for access into the cell and various cellular compartments including the nucleus. A multitude of substances are currently under investigation for the preparation of nanoparticles for drug delivery, varying from biological substances like albumin, gelatine and phospholipids for liposomes, and more substances of a chemical nature like various polymers and solid metal containing nanoparticles. It is obvious that the potential interaction with tissues and cells, and the potential toxicity, greatly depends on the actual composition of the nanoparticle formulation. This paper provides an overview on some of the currently used systems for drug delivery. Besides the potential beneficial use also attention is drawn to the questions how we should proceed with the safety evaluation of the nanoparticle formulations for drug delivery. For such testing the lessons learned from particle toxicity as applied in inhalation toxicology may be of use. Although for pharmaceutical use the current requirements seem to be adequate to detect most of the adverse effects of nanoparticle formulations, it can not be expected that all aspects of nanoparticle toxicology will be detected. So, probably additional more specific testing would be needed.
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