National foreign policies and European political cooperation

doi:10.2307/20041863

Journal Article•DOI•

National foreign policies and European political cooperation

01 Jan 1983-Foreign Affairs (Published for the Royal Institute of International Affairs by G. Allen & Unwin)-Vol. 62, Iss: 2, pp 469

About: This article is published in Foreign Affairs.The article was published on 1983-01-01. It has received 41 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Foreign policy analysis & Foreign relations.

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Journal Article•DOI•

Institutionalization, Policy Adaptation and European Foreign Policy Cooperation

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Michael S. Smith¹•Institutions (1)

Georgia State University¹

01 Mar 2004-European Journal of International Relations

TL;DR: The expansion of European Union (EU) foreign policy cooperation since 1970 presents a number of puzzles for theorists of regional integration and International Relations as mentioned in this paper, which is not directed by supranational organizations, does not involve bargaining over policy alternatives, and is not dominated by the largest EU states.

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Abstract: The expansion of European Union (EU) foreign policy cooperation since 1970 presents a number of puzzles for theorists of regional integration and International Relations. It is not directed by supranational organizations, does not involve bargaining over policy alternatives, and is not dominated by the largest EU states. Nor do the EU’s common foreign policy decisions reflect ‘lowest common denominator’ preferences. Instead, cooperation has been achieved through decentralized institutional mechanisms, involving processes associated with both intergovernmental and social constructivist theories. This article first explains how changes in institutional context — in terms of intergovernmental, transgovernmental and supranational procedures — affect the propensity for cooperation. It then links processes of institutionalization to an expansion of foreign policy cooperation among EU member states. Finally, it explores three policy areas (the Middle East, South Africa and nuclear non-proliferation) where EU states have adjusted their national foreign policies in line with EU foreign policy norms.

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156 citations

Cites background from "National foreign policies and Europ..."

...In what became known as the ‘Dublin formula’, Irish foreign minister Garret FitzGerald, in his own impressive display of ‘shuttle diplomacy’, helped set up working groups on both sides (EU and Arab) and proposed structuring the Dialogue on the basis of regional (rather than national) delegations to help avoid, temporarily, the question of recognizing the PLO (Allen, 1978; Keatinge, 1983: 143)....
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...…the PLO due to domestic political divisions between pro-Arab and pro-Israeli factions of Italian political parties, yet the positions of successive Italian government(s) converged on the EU’s position as a result of EPC deliberations, which led Italy to recognize the PLO (Bonvicini, 1983: 76–8)....
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...Similarly, the Italians had been extremely reluctant to recognize the PLO due to domestic political divisions between pro-Arab and pro-Israeli factions of Italian political parties, yet the positions of successive Italian government(s) converged on the EU’s position as a result of EPC deliberations, which led Italy to recognize the PLO (Bonvicini, 1983: 76–8)....
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...Thanks to this forum, EU member state policies converged on a number of extremely difficult questions, such as the idea of a Palestinian home or state, Israel’s ‘right to exist’ within secure borders and the right of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) to participate in any negotiations....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Toward a theory of EU foreign policy-making: multi-level governance, domestic politics, and national adaptation to Europe's common foreign and security policy

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Michael S. Smith

01 Jan 2004-Journal of European Public Policy

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine the relationship between institutional development and the multi-level governance of EU foreign policy, as represented by the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), and explore how the interaction of domestic politics and governance mechanisms produces specific policy outcomes.

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Abstract: The expansion of European foreign and security policy co-operation since the 1970s imposes unique requirements on European Union (EU) member states, and the co- ordination of these various obligations presents a major challenge to the EU's pursuit of a common foreign and security policy (CFSP). However, the past decade has also seen significant progress toward the multi-level governance of EU foreign policy, particularly when compared to the limited policy co-ordination of the 1970s and 1980s. This article examines the relationship between institutional development and the multi-level governance of EU foreign policy, as represented by the CFSP. In particular, it explores: (1) the extent to which the CFSP policy space can be described in terms of multi-level governance; (2) the processes by which governance mechanisms influence the domestic foreign policy cultures of EU member states; and (3) how the interaction of domestic politics and governance mechanisms produces specific policy outcomes.

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145 citations

Cites background from "National foreign policies and Europ..."

...Together, these three developments have helped to reinforce the common norms and goals of EU foreign policy (for details of these changes, see Hill 1983, 1996; Manners and Whitman 2000; Smith 2000)....
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Posted Content•

Renationalizing or Regrouping? EU Foreign Policy Since 11 September 2001

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Christopher Hill¹•Institutions (1)

London School of Economics and Political Science¹

14 Apr 2004-Social Science Research Network

TL;DR: The most recent phase of European foreign policy-making, since the atrocity of 11 September, has exposed fatal flaws in the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), or whether it is too soon for dismissive judgements as mentioned in this paper.

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Abstract: This article considers whether the most recent phase of European foreign policy-making, since the atrocity of 11 September, has exposed fatal flaws in the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), or whether it is too soon for dismissive judgements. It asks to what extent Member States have fallen back on their own resources, and to what extent there are signs of regrouping, so as to take the CFSP on to the next stage. It examines the main substantive challenges which have preoccupied Europe since 11 September, some of the key foreign policy issues which predated but then became complicated by it, and finally the more structural issues such as the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP), the Convention on constitutional reform, and enlargement. It concludes that the current crisis is not rendering European foreign policy redundant, and that there continues to be the will, if not always the capacity, to produce collective action.

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117 citations

Cites background from "National foreign policies and Europ..."

...2 The main comparative treatments of this problem are Hill (1983, 1996, 1998) and Manners and Whitman (2000)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

The European Challenge to Foreign Policy Analysis

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Brian White¹•Institutions (1)

Staffordshire University¹

01 Mar 1999-European Journal of International Relations

TL;DR: The authors explores European foreign policy as an important new empirical domain of foreign policy and also as a challenging vehicle for evaluating the current status of Foreign Policy Analysis, and explores the challenges of evaluating the status of FPA.

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Abstract: This article explores `European foreign policy' as an important new empirical domain of foreign policy and also as a challenging vehicle for evaluating the current status of Foreign Policy Analysis...

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111 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

The framing of European foreign and security policy: towards a post-modern policy framework?

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Michael Smith

01 Jan 2003-Journal of European Public Policy

TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore the evolution of the common foreign and security policy (CFSP) and the common European security and defence policy (CESDP), taken to represent European foreign and Security policy, with an emphasis on the continuous reframing of policy within a changing "foreign policy space".

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Abstract: This article explores the evolution of the common foreign and security policy (CFSP) and the common European security and defence policy (CESDP), taken to represent European foreign and security policy, with an emphasis on the continuous reframing of policy within a changing "foreign policy space'. Having identified the key phases in the evolution of this European foreign policy space, the article then pursues two general aims: first, to establish how far this evolution reflects the interaction of ideas, institutions and policies; second, to assess the significance of a number of key "drivers' common to many areas of policy within the EU - the search for legitimacy, the preferences of member states and the desire for environmental stabilization. On the basis of this exploration, the article argues that it is possible to discern the emergence of a "post-modern' or " extra-national' foreign policy in the EU, which has significant echoes of policy- making in other areas of EU activity.

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83 citations

Cites background or methods from "National foreign policies and Europ..."

...The transformation of European international politics in the early 1990s challenged the cosy assumptions of the EPC ‘club’, but the underlying dependence on reciprocity and consensus did not disappear (Glarbo 1999)....
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...By the end of the 1990s, it appeared that the lengthy process of development from European political co-operation (EPC) to the CFSP had taken on a new character, with the elaboration of plans for defence co-ordination and even the mustering of a ‘hard’ military capacity on the part of the fifteen EU members through the CESDP (Smith 2001)....
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...EPC was consolidated first by the London Report of 1981, then by the Solemn Declaration on European Union and then in the Single European Act (SEA)....
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...But in fact, this was the period in which the first stirrings of foreign policy cooperation in more than the purely economic sphere were to be found, with the Davignon Plan of the late 1960s and the emergence of EPC (Allen et al. 1982; Hill 1983; Rummel 1990)....
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...…key issues and apparent turning points or breakthroughs, as background for the later argument; for fuller accounts, the reader can turn to standard works on the area (Bretherton and Vogler 1999; Cameron 1999; Ginsberg 1989, 2001; Hill 1983, 1996; Nuttall 1992, 2000; H. Smith 2002; White 2001)....
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National foreign policies and European political cooperation

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Cites background from "National foreign policies and Europ..."

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Cites background from "National foreign policies and Europ..."

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