scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question
Posted Content

National Systems of Entrepreneurship: Measurement issues and policy implications

01 Jan 2015-Research Papers in Economics (Edward Elgar Publishing)-pp 523-541
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors introduce the concept of National Systems of Entrepreneurship and provide an approach to characterizing them, which are fundamentally resource allocation systems that are driven by individual-level opportunity pursuit, through the creation of new ventures, with this activity and its outcomes regulated by country-specific institutional characteristics.
Abstract: We introduce a novel concept of National Systems of Entrepreneurship and provide an approach to characterizing them. National Systems of Entrepreneurship are fundamentally resource allocation systems that are driven by individual-level opportunity pursuit, through the creation of new ventures, with this activity and its outcomes regulated by country-specific institutional characteristics. In contrast with the institutional emphasis of the National Systems of Innovation frameworks, where institutions engender and regulate action, National Systems of Entrepreneurship are driven by individuals, with institutions regulating who acts and the outcomes of individual action. Building on these principles, we also introduce a novel index methodology to characterizing National Systems of Entrepreneurship. The distinctive features of the methodology are: (1) systemic approach, which allows interactions between components of National Systems of Entrepreneurship; (2) the Penalty for Bottleneck feature, which identifies bottleneck factors that hold back system performance; (3) contextualization, which recognizes that national entrepreneurship processes are always embedded in a given country’s institutional framework.
Citations
More filters
Book
01 Jan 2011
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a method to solve the problem of "labeling" for the purpose of improving the quality of the labels of the products of a company's products.
Abstract: 第1章 GEM調査の概要(分析の枠組み;調査方法;起業活動の定義;起業活動率;起業活動と経済成長;起業の計画と失敗) 第2章 起業家と事業特性(起業家の背景;起業家の能力;事業特性;起業家教育) 第3章 起業の環境(社会的資源;起業家に対する評価;経済危機の影響;起業活動の投資環境) 第4章 専門家調査(資金調達;政府の方針;支援プログラム;教育システム;技術移転;コマーシャル・サービス;起業文化;事業機会;経営能力;起業家に対する評価;女性への支援;急成長への注目;イノベーションへの関心;調査結果) 第5章 政策への提

1,062 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
Erik Stam1
TL;DR: The authors in this article reviewed the entrepreneurial ecosystem literature and its shortcomings, and provided a novel synthesis including a causal scheme of how the framework and sy... and a causal depth and evidence base is rather limited.
Abstract: Regional policies for entrepreneurship are currently going through a transition from increasing the quantity of entrepreneurship to increasing the quality of entrepreneurship. The next step will be the transition from entrepreneurship policy towards policy for an entrepreneurial economy. The entrepreneurial ecosystem approach has been heralded as a new framework accommodating these transitions. This approach starts with the entrepreneurial actor, but emphasizes the context of productive entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship is not only the output of the system, entrepreneurs are important players themselves in creating the ecosystem and keeping it healthy. This research briefing reviews the entrepreneurial ecosystem literature and its shortcomings, and provides a novel synthesis. The entrepreneurial ecosystem approach speaks directly to practitioners, but its causal depth and evidence base is rather limited. This article provides a novel synthesis including a causal scheme of how the framework and sy...

1,051 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the persistence of high-growth entrepreneurship within regions is explained by a theoretical concept of "Entrepreneurial Ecosystems", which is a popular concept to explain the persistence and resilience of high growth within regions.
Abstract: Entrepreneurial ecosystems have emerged as a popular concept to explain the persistence of high–growth entrepreneurship within regions. However, as a theoretical concept ecosystems remain underdeve...

1,043 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the role of context in stimulating entrepreneurial innovation and its impact on the outcomes of entrepreneurial innovation is examined, as well as its role in stimulating such activity, and the relationship between contexts and entrepreneurial innovation.

901 citations


Additional excerpts

  • ...The literature on national systems of entrepreneurship has highlighted the macro-conditions for the development of entrepreneurship (Acs et al., 2014)....

    [...]

  • ...However, creating the appropriate macro environments for ntrepreneurship that generates such outcomes – such as ‘National ystems of Entrepreneurship’ remains a major policy challenge hat warrants further attention (Acs et al., 2014; Adams, 2011; adosevic, 2007)....

    [...]

  • ...Acs et al. (2014) observed hat the core writings of the NSI literature hardly even mention ntrepreneurship, and even then, mostly as anecdotal examples r passing references to Schumpeter’s ‘Mark I’ and ‘Mark II’ modls (Dosi et al....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the conceptual similarities and differences of entrepreneurial ecosystems relative to, for instance, clusters, knowledge clusters, regional systems of innovation, and "innovative milieus" remain unclear.
Abstract: Research Summary: Entrepreneurial ecosystems command increasing attention from policy makers, academics, and practitioners, yet the phenomenon itself remains under‐theorized. Specifically, the conceptual similarities and differences of entrepreneurial ecosystems relative to, for instance, clusters, “knowledge clusters,” regional systems of innovation, and “innovative milieus” remain unclear. Drawing on research on industrial districts and agglomerations, clusters, and systems of innovation, we suggest that entrepreneurial ecosystems differ from traditional clusters by their emphasis on the exploitation of digital affordances; by their organization around entrepreneurial opportunity discovery and pursuit; by their emphasis on business model innovation; by voluntary horizontal knowledge spillovers; and by cluster‐external locus of entrepreneurial opportunities. We highlight how these distinctive characteristics set entrepreneurial ecosystems apart from other cluster types, propose a structural model of entrepreneurial ecosystems, summarize the articles in this special issue, and suggest promising avenues for future research.

631 citations


Cites background from "National Systems of Entrepreneurshi..."

  • ...Instead, entrepreneurial ecosystems are systems of entrepreneurial opportunity discovery and pursuit (Acs et al., 2014)....

    [...]

References
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Ajzen, 1985, 1987, this article reviewed the theory of planned behavior and some unresolved issues and concluded that the theory is well supported by empirical evidence and that intention to perform behaviors of different kinds can be predicted with high accuracy from attitudes toward the behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control; and these intentions, together with perceptions of behavioral control, account for considerable variance in actual behavior.

65,095 citations

Book
01 Jan 1990
TL;DR: Douglass C. North as discussed by the authors developed an analytical framework for explaining the ways in which institutions and institutional change affect the performance of economies, both at a given time and over time.
Abstract: Continuing his groundbreaking analysis of economic structures, Douglass North develops an analytical framework for explaining the ways in which institutions and institutional change affect the performance of economies, both at a given time and over time. Institutions exist, he argues, due to the uncertainties involved in human interaction; they are the constraints devised to structure that interaction. Yet, institutions vary widely in their consequences for economic performance; some economies develop institutions that produce growth and development, while others develop institutions that produce stagnation. North first explores the nature of institutions and explains the role of transaction and production costs in their development. The second part of the book deals with institutional change. Institutions create the incentive structure in an economy, and organisations will be created to take advantage of the opportunities provided within a given institutional framework. North argues that the kinds of skills and knowledge fostered by the structure of an economy will shape the direction of change and gradually alter the institutional framework. He then explains how institutional development may lead to a path-dependent pattern of development. In the final part of the book, North explains the implications of this analysis for economic theory and economic history. He indicates how institutional analysis must be incorporated into neo-classical theory and explores the potential for the construction of a dynamic theory of long-term economic change. Douglass C. North is Director of the Center of Political Economy and Professor of Economics and History at Washington University in St. Louis. He is a past president of the Economic History Association and Western Economics Association and a Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He has written over sixty articles for a variety of journals and is the author of The Rise of the Western World: A New Economic History (CUP, 1973, with R.P. Thomas) and Structure and Change in Economic History (Norton, 1981). Professor North is included in Great Economists Since Keynes edited by M. Blaug (CUP, 1988 paperback ed.)

27,080 citations

Book
01 Jan 1934
TL;DR: Buku ini memberikan infmasi tentang aliran melingkar kehidupan ekonomi sebagaimana dikondisikan oleh keadaan tertentu, fenomena fundamental dari pembangunan EKonomi, kredit, laba wirausaha, bunga atas modal, and siklus bisnis as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Buku ini memberikan infmasi tentang aliran melingkar kehidupan ekonomi sebagaimana dikondisikan oleh keadaan tertentu, fenomena fundamental dari pembangunan ekonomi, kredit dan modal, laba wirausaha, bunga atas modal, dan siklus bisnis.

16,325 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors draw upon previous research conducted in the different social science disciplines and applied fields of business to create a conceptual framework for the field of entrepreneurship, and predict a set of outcomes not explained or predicted by conceptual frameworks already in existence in other fields.
Abstract: To date, the phenomenon of entrepreneurship has lacked a conceptual framework. In this note we draw upon previous research conducted in the different social science disciplines and applied fields of business to create a conceptual framework for the field. With this framework we explain a set of empirical phenomena and predict a set of outcomes not explained or predicted by conceptual frameworks already in existence in other fields.

11,161 citations

Book
12 Oct 2017
TL;DR: The theory of economic development was first published in 1911 by Schumpeter as discussed by the authors, who argued that economics is a natural self-regulating mechanism when undisturbed by "social and other meddlers." In his preface he argues that despite weaknesses, theories are based on logic and provide structure for understanding fact.
Abstract: Schumpeter proclaims in this classical analysis of capitalist society first published in 1911 that economics is a natural self-regulating mechanism when undisturbed by "social and other meddlers." In his preface he argues that despite weaknesses, theories are based on logic and provide structure for understanding fact. Of those who argue against him, Schumpeter asks a fundamental question: "Is it really artificial to keep separate the phenomena incidental to running a firm and the phenomena incidental to creating a new one?" In his answers, Schumpeter offers guidance to Third World politicians no less than First World businesspeople. In his substantial new introduction, John E. Elliott discusses the salient ideas of The Theory of Economic Development against the historical background of three great periods of economic thought in the last two decades.

9,828 citations


"National Systems of Entrepreneurshi..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Introduction Since the days of Schumpeter (Schumpeter, 1934), economists ave agreed that entrepreneurs are somehow important for conomic development....

    [...]

  • ...In contrast, Schumpeter’s arlier ideas on the role of entrepreneurs as agents of creative estruction have been largely overlooked....

    [...]

  • ...Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. Schumpeter, J.A., 1996....

    [...]

  • ...Schumpeter famously stated that ntrepreneurs are ‘agents of creative destruction’, who introduce hange to the economic landscape by constantly undermining nd challenging established industry incumbents....

    [...]

  • ...Lundvall t al.’s (2002) article similarly accorded only two passing mentions f the term without integrating it into the theoretical structure. ven at the sectoral level, Malerba and Breschi (1997) treatment nly mentioned entrepreneurship when explaining the difference etween Schumpeter’s Mark I and Mark II models....

    [...]