Natural products from true mangrove flora: source, chemistry and bioactivities
TL;DR: The mangrove flora is a diverse group of salt-tolerant plants growing in tropical and subtropical intertidal estuarine zones and the molecular phylogeny and chemotaxonomy of trueMangrove plants is discussed.
About: This article is published in Natural Product Reports.The article was published on 2009-01-29. It has received 229 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Mangrove & Flora.
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TL;DR: This review covers the literature published in 2014 for marine natural products, with 1116 citations referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green, brown and red algae, sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates, echinoderms, mangroves and other intertidal plants and microorganisms.
4,649 citations
TL;DR: Antioxidant capacities of the raw fruit extracts and the major isolated substances were determined and indicated that chebulic ellagitannins have high activity which may correlate with high potential as cancer chemopreventive agents.
248 citations
TL;DR: Wang et al. as mentioned in this paper compared the distribution and areas of existing mangroves among selected provinces of China, discussed the issues associated with mangrove conservation and restoration and highlighted major progress on research conducted by key institutions or universities in mainland China, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Macao.
Abstract: Aims In this paper, we highlighted some key progresses in mangrove conservation, restoration and research in China during last two decades. Methods Based on intensive literature review, we compared the distribution and areas of existing mangroves among selected provinces of China, discussed the issues associated with mangrove conservation and restoration and highlighted major progresses on mangrove research conducted by key institutions or universities in mainland China, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Macao. Important findings The population boom and rapid economic developments have greatly reduced mangrove areas in China since 1980s, leaving only 22 700 ha mangroves in mainland China in 2001. Chinese government has launched a series of programs to protect mangroves since 1980s and has established mangrove ecosystems as high-priority areas for improving environmental and living resource management. During last three decades, a total of 34 natural mangrove conservation areas have been established, which accounts for 80% of the total existing mangroves areas in China. Mangrove restoration areas in Mainland China accounted for <7% of the total mangroves areas in 2002. A great deal of research papers on Chinese mangroves has been published in international journals. However, more systematic protection strategies and active restoration measurements are still urgently needed in order to preserve these valuable resources in China.
222 citations
Cites background from "Natural products from true mangrove..."
...Mai Po Wetland in Hong Kong is the first mangrove reserve in China, which was established in 1976 and listed as Ramsar Site in 1995 (Li and Lee 1997)....
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...There has been continuous cooperation on mangrove researches between mainland China and Hong Kong since 1990s, but collaboration between mainland China and Taiwan just began recently....
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...Several natural products, such as xylocarpins A and B and scyphiphorins A and B, were isolated from the fruits and seeds of Xylocarpus granatum and Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea, and their configurations and bioactivities were fully evaluated (Li et al. 2007; Tao et al. 2007; Wu et al. 2008c)....
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...More than 70% of dissolved organic carbon, ammonia and total Kjeldahl nitrogen and ;50% of inorganic nitrogen could be removed by a constructed wetland of K. ovobata in a greenhouse study in Hong Kong (Wu et al. 2008a)....
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...Finally, cooperation among related mangrove research institutions in mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan is essential to ensure more successful conservation, restoration and research of mangroves in China....
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TL;DR: Disulfideand Multisulfide-Containing Metabolites from Marine Organisms and their Applications in Physiological Chemistry and Drug Research.
Abstract: Disulfideand Multisulfide-Containing Metabolites from Marine Organisms Cheng-Shi Jiang, Werner E. G. M€uller, Heinz C. Schr€oder, and Yue-Wei Guo* State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang High-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, People’s Republic of China Institute for Physiological Chemistry, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
193 citations
TL;DR: This review presents the biological activity—antibacterial, antifungal, anti-parasitic, antiviral, antitumor, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, and enzymatic activity—of halogenated marine natural products discovered in the past five years.
Abstract: This review presents the biological activity—antibacterial, antifungal, anti-parasitic, antiviral, antitumor, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, and enzymatic activity—of halogenated marine natural products discovered in the past five years. Newly discovered examples that do not report biological activity are not included.
180 citations
Cites background from "Natural products from true mangrove..."
...Mangrove plants that grow in tropical and subtropical intertidal estuarine zones are a rich source of natural products including organohalogens [120]....
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References
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TL;DR: In this article, Saenger et al. reviewed the status of mangrove swamps worldwide and assessed the effect of human activities on mangroves in the coastal environment using satellite imagery.
Abstract: he mass media and scientific press have widely reported losses of tropical environments, such as fellingof rain forests and bleaching of coral reefs.This well-meritedattention has created a worldwide constituency that supportsconservation and restoration efforts in both of these threat-ened ecosystems. The remarkable degree of public aware-ness and support has been manifested in benefit rock concertsat Carnegie Hall and in the designation of ice cream flavorsafter rain forest products. Mangrove forests are another im-portant tropical environment,but these have received muchless publicity.Concern about the magnitude of losses of man-grove forests has been voiced mainly in the specialized liter-ature (Saenger et al. 1983, Spalding et al. 1997).Mangrove trees grow ubiquitously as a relatively narrowfringe between land and sea, between latitudes 25°N and30°S.They form forests of salt-tolerant species,with complexfood webs and ecosystem dynamics (Macnae 1968,Lugo andSnedaker 1974, Tomlinson 1986).Destruction of mangrove forests is occurring globally.Global changes such as an increased sea level may affect man-groves (Ellison 1993,Field 1995),although accretion rates inmangrove forests may be large enough to compensate for thepresent-day rise in sea level (Field 1995).More important,itis human alterations created by conversion of mangroves tomariculture,agriculture,and urbanization,as well as forestryuses and the effects of warfare, that have led to the remark-able recent losses of mangrove habitats (Saenger et al. 1983,Fortes 1988, Marshall 1994, Primavera 1995, Twilley 1998).New data on the magnitude of mangrove area and changesin it have become more readily available, especially with theadvent of satellite imagery and the Internet. Moreover, in-formation about the function of mangrove swamps, theirimportance in the sustainability of the coastal zone, and theeffects of human uses of mangrove forests is growing. Somepublished regional assessments have viewed anthropogenicthreats to mangrove forests with alarm (Ong 1982,Fortes 1988,Ellison and Farnsworth 1996),but reviews at the global scaleare dated (Linden and Jernelov 1980, Saenger et al. 1983).We collated and revised published information to reviewthe status of mangrove swamps worldwide.To assess the sta-tus of this major coastal environment, we compiled and ex-amined available data to quantify the extent of mangroveforest areas in different parts of the world,the losses of man-grove forest area recorded during recent decades, and therelative contributions by various human activities to theselosses.We first assessed current mangrove forest area in tropicalcountries of the world.It is difficult to judge the quality of thesedata in the published literature, because in many cases themethods used to obtain them were insufficiently described andthe associated uncertainty was not indicated. Much infor-mation based on satellite imagery is summarized in the
1,641 citations
TL;DR: Mangroves are woody plants that grow at the interface between land and sea in tropical and sub-tropical latitudes where they exist in conditions of high salinity, extreme tides, strong winds, high temperatures and muddy, anaerobic soils, creating unique ecological environments that host rich assemblages of species.
Abstract: Mangroves are woody plants that grow at the interface between land and sea in tropical and sub-tropical latitudes where they exist in conditions of high salinity, extreme tides, strong winds, high temperatures and muddy, anaerobic soils. There may be no other group of plants with such highly developed morphological and physiological adaptations to extreme conditions.
Because of their environment, mangroves are necessarily tolerant of high salt levels and have mechanisms to take up water despite strong osmotic potentials. Some also take up salts, but excrete them through specialized glands in the leaves. Others transfer salts into senescent leaves or store them in the bark or the wood. Still others simply become increasingly conservative in their water use as water salinity increases Morphological specializations include profuse lateral roots that anchor the trees in the loose sediments, exposed aerial roots for gas exchange and viviparous waterdispersed propagules.
Mangroves create unique ecological environments that host rich assemblages of species. The muddy or sandy sediments of the mangal are home to a variety of epibenthic, infaunal, and meiofaunal invertebrates Channels within the mangal support communities of phytoplankton, zooplankton and fish. The mangal may play a special role as nursery habitat for juveniles of fish whose adults occupy other habitats (e.g. coral reefs and seagrass beds).
Because they are surrounded by loose sediments, the submerged mangroves' roots, trunks and branches are islands of habitat that may attract rich epifaunal communities including bacteria, fungi, macroalgae and invertebrates. The aerial roots, trunks, leaves and branches host other groups of organisms. A number of crab species live among the roots, on the trunks or even forage in the canopy. Insects, reptiles, amphibians, birds and mammals thrive in the habitat and contribute to its unique character.
Living at the interface between land and sea, mangroves are well adapted to deal with natural stressors (e.g. temperature, salinity, anoxia, UV). However, because they live close to their tolerance limits, they may be particularly sensitive to disturbances like those created by human activities. Because of their proximity to population centers, mangals have historically been favored sites for sewage disposal. Industrial effluents have contributed to heavy metal contamination in the sediments. Oil from spills and from petroleum production has flowed into many mangals. These insults have had significant negative effects on the mangroves.
Habitat destruction through human encroachment has been the primary cause of mangrove loss. Diversion of freshwater for irrigation and land reclamation has destroyed extensive mangrove forests. In the past several decades, numerous tracts of mangrove have been converted for aquaculture, fundamentally altering the nature of the habitat. Measurements reveal alarming levels of mangrove destruction. Some estimates put global loss rates at one million ha y−1, with mangroves in some regions in danger of complete collapse. Heavy historical exploitation of mangroves has left many remaining habitats severely damaged.
These impacts are likely to continue, and worsen, as human populations expand further into the mangals. In regions where mangrove removal has produced significant environmental problems, efforts are underway to launch mangrove agroforestry and agriculture projects. Mangrove systems require intensive care to save threatened areas. So far, conservation and management efforts lag behind the destruction; there is still much to learn about proper management and sustainable harvesting of mangrove forests.
Mangroves have enormous ecological value. They protect and stabilize coastlines, enrich coastal waters, yield commercial forest products and support coastal fisheries. Mangrove forests are among the world's most productive ecosystems, producing organic carbon well in excess of the ecosystem requirements and contributing significantly to the global carbon cycle. Extracts from mangroves and mangrove-dependent species have proven activity against human, animal and plant pathogens. Mangroves may be further developed as sources of high-value commercial products and fishery resources and as sites for a burgeoning ecotourism industry. Their unique features also make them ideal sites for experimental studies of biodiversity and ecosystem function. Where degraded areas are being revegetated, continued monitoring and thorough assessment must be done to help understand the recovery process. This knowledge will help develop strategies to promote better rehabilitation of degraded mangrove habitats the world over and ensure that these unique ecosystems survive and flourish.
1,568 citations
TL;DR: The oral administration of the extract significantly reduced CCl(4) induced hepatotoxicity in rats, as judged from the serum and tissue activity of marker enzymes.
263 citations
TL;DR: The antioxidant activity of the methanolic extracts of the leaves of 39 plant species was examined and it was indicated the presence of the same antioxidant and isolation work for the compound identified ellagic acid.
Abstract: The antioxidant activity of the methanolic extracts of the leaves of 39 plant species was examined. These leaves were collected from the plants growing on subtropical seashores. The activity was ev...
205 citations
TL;DR: Azadirachtin was the most potent in all experiments and produced almost 100% larval mortality at 1 ppm concentration, and first to third larval instars were more susceptible to the neem limonoids.
204 citations