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Journal ArticleDOI

Near Earth Asteroids with measurable Yarkovsky effect

TL;DR: In this article, the Yarkovsky effect among near Earth asteroids (NEAs) was investigated by measuring the YARKovsky-related orbital drift from the orbital fit using a high precision dynamical model, including the Newtonian attraction of 16 massive asteroids and the planetary relativistic terms.
About: This article is published in Icarus.The article was published on 2013-05-01 and is currently open access. It has received 140 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Yarkovsky effect & Near-Earth object.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a statistical code was developed to model the time evolution of the semi-major axis of an asteroid under YORP-Yarkovsky coupling, including the contributions of collisions.
Abstract: Any population of asteroids, like asteroid families, will disperse in semi-major axis due to the Yarkovsky effect. The amount of drift is modulated by the asteroid spin state evolution which determines the balance between the diurnal and seasonal Yarkovsky force. The asteroid's spin state is, in turn, controlled in part by the YORP effect. The otherwise smooth evolution of an asteroid can be abruptly altered by collisions, which can cause impulsive changes in the spin state and can move the asteroid onto a different YORP track. In addition, collisions may also alter the YORP parameters by changing the superficial features and overall shape of the asteroid. Thus, the coupling between YORP and Yarkovsky is also strongly affected by the impact history of each body. To investigate this coupling we developed a statistical code modeling the time evolution of semi--major axis under YORP-Yarkovsky coupling. It includes the contributions of NYORP (normal YORP), TYORP (tangential YORP) and collisions whose effects are deterministically calculated and not added in a statistical way. We find that both collisions and TYORP increase the dispersion of a family in semi-major axis by making the spin axis evolution less smooth and regular. We show that the evolution of a family's structure with time is complex and collisions randomize the YORP evolution. In our test families we do not observe the formation of a 'YORP-eye' in the semi-major axis vs. diameter distribution, even after a long period of time. If present, the 'YORP-eye' might be a relic of an initial ejection velocity pattern of the collisional fragments.

4 citations


Cites background or methods from "Near Earth Asteroids with measurabl..."

  • ...We then scale the numerically computed da/dt with ω, following Farnocchia et al. (2013), and with cos( ) for the diurnal component and with sin2( ) for the seasonal one....

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  • ...This concentration around 90o might favor the seasonal Yarkovsky (which is not included in these runs) over the diurnal one even if the semi–major axis drift is expected to be slower due to the slower rotation rates of the bodies (Farnocchia et al. 2013)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Asteroid pairs in the Jovian Trojans have been discovered in the Main belt and Hungaria populations as discussed by the authors, but no asteroid pairs have been found in the Trojan population, despite the presence of several binaries and collisional families.
Abstract: Asteroid pairs, two objects that are not gravitationally bound to one another, but share a common origin, have been discovered in the Main belt and Hungaria populations. Such pairs are of major interest, as the study of their evolution under a variety of dynamical influences can indicate the time since the pair was created. To date, no asteroid pairs have been found in the Jovian Trojans, despite the presence of several binaries and collisional families in the population. The search for pairs in the Jovian Trojan population is of particular interest, given the importance of the Trojans as tracers of planetary migration during the Solar system's youth. Here we report a discovery of the first pair, (258656) 2002 ES76 and 2013 CC41, in the Jovian Trojans. The two objects are approximately the same size and are located very close to the L4 Lagrange point. Using numerical integrations, we find that the pair is at least 360 Myr old, though its age could be as high as several Gyrs. The existence of the (258656) 2002 ES76-2013 CC41 pair implies there could be many such pairs scattered through the Trojan population. Our preferred formation mechanism for the newly discovered pair is through the dissociation of an ancient binary system, triggered by a sub-catastrophic impact, but we can not rule out rotation fission of a single object driven by YORP torques. A by-product of our work is an up-to-date catalogue of Jovian Trojan proper elements, which we have made available for further studies.

4 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the Yarkovsky effect was studied for a set of asteroids with small perihelion distance and it was shown that in most cases, this effect leads to a decrease in the confidence region.
Abstract: We present estimates of the transversal acceleration associated with the Yarkovsky effect for a set of asteroids with small perihelion distance. It is shown that in most cases, this effect leads to a decrease in the confidence region. The motion of asteroid 504181 2006 TC that according to our estimates is most strongly influenced by this effect is studied in detail. Close approaches and apsidal-nodal resonances with planets are identified and motion predictability intervals are evaluated using the OMEGNO parameter.

4 citations

Book ChapterDOI
11 Feb 2018
TL;DR: In this article, the authors use positive polynomials, in particular Bernstein polynoms, to represent families of probability distributions in orbital dynamics and estimate the uncertainty in model parameters and initial conditions with p-boxes to account for imprecision and lack of knowledge.
Abstract: The paper presents the use of positive polynomials, in particular Bernstein polynomials, to represent families of probability distributions in orbital dynamics. The uncertainty in model parameters and initial conditions is modeled with p-boxes to account for imprecision and lack of knowledge. The resulting uncertainty in the quantity of interest is estimated by representing the upper and lower expectations with positive polynomials with interval coefficients. The impact probability of an asteroid subject to a partially known Yarkovsky effect is used as an illustrative example.

4 citations


Cites background from "Near Earth Asteroids with measurabl..."

  • ...Following Farnocchia et al.[3], the coefficient A2 is expressed as A2 = 4(1−A) 9 Φ(1au) f (Θ)cosγ , f (Θ) = 0....

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  • ...Following Farnocchia et al.[3], the coefficient A2 is expressed as A2 = 4(1−A) 9 Φ(1au) f (Θ)cosγ , f (Θ) = 0.5Θ 1+Θ +0.5Θ 2 , (15) where Φ(1au) is the standard radiation force factor at 1 astronomical unit, A is the Bond albedo, Θ is the thermal parameter, and γ is the obliquity....

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  • ...The latter is assumed to be a purely transverse acceleration A2/r(2), where r is the heliocentric distance and A2 is a function of the asteroid physical quantities[3]....

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  • ...Farnocchia et al.[3] related the thermal parameter Θ to the thermal inertia Γ :...

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  • ...Farnocchia et al.[3] related the thermal parameter Θ to the thermal inertia Γ : Θ = Γ εσT 3ss √ 2π Prot , (17) where ε is the emissivity coefficient, σ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, Prot is the rotation period, and Tss is the subsolar temperature[2] Tss = [ (1−A)L0 ηεσr2 ]1/4 , (18) where r is the heliocentric distance of the body and η is the so-called beaming parameter, which is equal to one in the case that each point of the surface is in instantaneous thermal equilibrium with solar radiation....

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Journal ArticleDOI
01 Oct 2020-Heliyon
TL;DR: These findings show how dust grains may populate the vicinity of Bennu and other active asteroids and that they can reach interplanetary space and other celestial bodies, implying that organic matter can be transported from carbonaceous asteroids to other Celestial bodies, including Earth.

4 citations

References
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Book
01 Jan 1981
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide a complete treatment of techniques for analyzing gravitation theory and experience, taking into account the Dicke framework, basic criteria for the viability of a gravitation theories, experimental tests of the Einstein equivalence principle, Schiff's conjecture, and a model theory devised by Lightman and Lee (1973).
Abstract: New technological advances have made it feasible to conduct measurements with precision levels which are suitable for experimental tests of the theory of general relativity. This book has been designed to fill a new need for a complete treatment of techniques for analyzing gravitation theory and experience. The Einstein equivalence principle and the foundations of gravitation theory are considered, taking into account the Dicke framework, basic criteria for the viability of a gravitation theory, experimental tests of the Einstein equivalence principle, Schiff's conjecture, and a model theory devised by Lightman and Lee (1973). Gravitation as a geometric phenomenon is considered along with the parametrized post-Newtonian formalism, the classical tests, tests of the strong equivalence principle, gravitational radiation as a tool for testing relativistic gravity, the binary pulsar, and cosmological tests.

1,692 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Apr 2002-Icarus
TL;DR: In this article, a best-fit model of the near-Earth objects (NEOs) population is presented, which is fit to known NEs discovered or accidentally rediscovered by Spacewatch.

717 citations


"Near Earth Asteroids with measurabl..." refers background or methods in this paper

  • ...This excess of retrograde rotators can be explained by the nature of resonance feeding into the inner Solar System (Bottke et al., 2002). Most of the primary NEA source regions (e.g., the 3:1 resonance, JFCs, Outer Belt, etc.) allow main belt asteroids to enter by drifting either inwards or outwards, but the m6 resonance is at the inner edge of the main belt and so asteroids can generally enter only by inwards drift, i.e., with retrograde rotation. Bottke et al. (2002) report that 37% of NEAs with absolute magnitude H < 22 arrive via m6 resonance. La Spina et al. (2004) point out that this implies 37% of NEAs have retrograde spin (via m6), plus half of the complement (via other pathways). Thus, the retrograde fraction should be 0.37 + 0.5 0.63 = 0.69, while La Spina et al. (2004) report 67% retrograde for their sample, which is dominated by large NEAs. Table 2 contains 81% retrograde rotators, which is larger than 69% and thus, at face value, appears to be inconsistent with the theory. The sample of asteroids shown in Table 2, however, is based on measured Yarkovsky mobility and is not a representative sample of the debiased NEA population as described by Bottke et al. (2002). For example, the sample is dominated by small PHAs (MOID < 0.05 AU) on fairly deep Earth-crossing orbits. We find that 9 of the 21 objects are Aten asteroids (43%), compared to the 6% fraction predicted for the debiased NEA population. Bottke et al. (2002) suggest that the majority of Atens ( 79%) should come from the innermost region of the main belt where the m6 resonance is located....

    [...]

  • ...This excess of retrograde rotators can be explained by the nature of resonance feeding into the inner Solar System (Bottke et al., 2002)....

    [...]

  • ...This excess of retrograde rotators can be explained by the nature of resonance feeding into the inner Solar System (Bottke et al., 2002). Most of the primary NEA source regions (e.g., the 3:1 resonance, JFCs, Outer Belt, etc.) allow main belt asteroids to enter by drifting either inwards or outwards, but the m6 resonance is at the inner edge of the main belt and so asteroids can generally enter only by inwards drift, i.e., with retrograde rotation. Bottke et al. (2002) report that 37% of NEAs with absolute magnitude H < 22 arrive via m6 resonance....

    [...]

  • ...This excess of retrograde rotators can be explained by the nature of resonance feeding into the inner Solar System (Bottke et al., 2002). Most of the primary NEA source regions (e.g., the 3:1 resonance, JFCs, Outer Belt, etc.) allow main belt asteroids to enter by drifting either inwards or outwards, but the m6 resonance is at the inner edge of the main belt and so asteroids can generally enter only by inwards drift, i.e., with retrograde rotation. Bottke et al. (2002) report that 37% of NEAs with absolute magnitude H < 22 arrive via m6 resonance. La Spina et al. (2004) point out that this implies 37% of NEAs have retrograde spin (via m6), plus half of the complement (via other pathways). Thus, the retrograde fraction should be 0.37 + 0.5 0.63 = 0.69, while La Spina et al. (2004) report 67% retrograde for their sample, which is dominated by large NEAs. Table 2 contains 81% retrograde rotators, which is larger than 69% and thus, at face value, appears to be inconsistent with the theory. The sample of asteroids shown in Table 2, however, is based on measured Yarkovsky mobility and is not a representative sample of the debiased NEA population as described by Bottke et al. (2002). For example, the sample is dominated by small PHAs (MOID < 0....

    [...]

  • ...Bottke et al. (2002) report that 37% of NEAs arrive via ν6 resonance....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Yarkovsky and YORP effects are thermal radiation forces and torques that cause small objects to undergo semimajor axis drift and spin vector modifications, respectively, as a function of their spin, orbit, and material properties as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The Yarkovsky and YORP (Yarkovsky-O’Keefe-Radzievskii-Paddack) effects are thermal radiation forces and torques that cause small objects to undergo semimajor axis drift and spin vector modifications, respectively, as a function of their spin, orbit, and material properties. These mechanisms help to (a) deliver asteroids (and meteoroids) with diameter D < 40 km from their source locations in the main belt to chaotic resonance zones capable of transporting this material to Earth-crossing orbits; (b) disperse asteroid families, with drifting bodies jumping or becoming trapped in mean-motion and secular resonances within the main belt; (c) modify the rotation rates and obliquities of D < 40 km asteroids; and (d ) allow asteroids to enter into spin-orbit resonances, which affect the evolution of their spin vectors and feedback into the Yarkovsky-driven semimajor axis evolution. Accordingly, we suggest that nongravitational forces should now be considered as important as collisions and gravitational perturbations to our overall understanding of asteroid evolution.

661 citations


"Near Earth Asteroids with measurabl..." refers background in this paper

  • ...It is well known that nongravitational forces should be considered as important as collisions and gravitational perturbations for the overall understanding of asteroid evolution (Bottke et al., 2006)....

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01 Jan 1989
TL;DR: In this paper, the brightness of a rough and porous surface is parameterized in terms of the optical properties of individual particles, by shadowing between particles, and by the way in which light is scattered among collections of particles.
Abstract: The way an asteroid or other atmosphereless solar system body varies in brightness in response to changing illumination and viewing geometry depends in a very complicated way on the physical and optical properties of its surface and on its overall shape. This paper summarizes the formulation and application of recent photometric models by Hapke (1981, 1984, 1986) and by Lumme and Bowell (1981). In both models, the brightness of a rough and porous surface is parameterized in terms of the optical properties of individual particles, by shadowing between particles, and by the way in which light is scattered among collections of particles. Both models succeed in their goal of fitting the observed photometric behavior of a wide variety of bodies, but neither has led to a very complete understanding of the properties of asteroid regoliths, primarily because, in most cases, the parameters in the present models cannot be adequately constrained by observations of integral brightness alone over a restricted range of phase angles.

480 citations

Book
31 Jan 2003
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present algorithms for computing ET-TAI, including the calculation of precision light times and quasar delays, as well as partial derivatives of light times.
Abstract: Foreword. Preface. Acknowledgments. Introduction. Time Scales and Time Differences. Planetary Ephemeris, Small-Body Ephemeris, and Satellite Ephemerides. Spacecraft Ephemeris and Partials File. Geocentric Space-Fixed Position, Velocity, and Acceleration Vectors of Tracking Station. Space-Fixed Position, Velocity, and Acceleration Vectors of a Landed Spacecraft Relative to Center of Mass of Planet, Planetary System, or the Moon. Algorithms for Computing ET-TAI. Light-Time Solution. Angles. Media and Antenna Corrections. Calculation of Precision Light Times and Quasar Delays. Partial Derivatives of Precision Light Times and Quasar Delays. Observables. References. Acronyms. Index.

364 citations