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Journal ArticleDOI

Negative emissions-Part 2 : Costs, potentials and side effects

TL;DR: In this paper, a comprehensive review of negative emissions technologies (NETs) is presented, focusing on seven technologies: bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), afforestation and reforestation, enhanced weathering, ocean fertilisation, biochar, and soil carbon sequestration.
Abstract: The most recent IPCC assessment has shown an important role for negative emissions technologies (NETs) in limiting global warming to 2 °C cost-effectively. However, a bottom-up, systematic, reproducible, and transparent literature assessment of the different options to remove CO2 from the atmosphere is currently missing. In part 1 of this three-part review on NETs, we assemble a comprehensive set of the relevant literature so far published, focusing on seven technologies: bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), afforestation and reforestation, direct air carbon capture and storage (DACCS), enhanced weathering, ocean fertilisation, biochar, and soil carbon sequestration. In this part, part 2 of the review, we present estimates of costs, potentials, and side-effects for these technologies, and qualify them with the authors' assessment. Part 3 reviews the innovation and scaling challenges that must be addressed to realise NETs deployment as a viable climate mitigation strategy. Based on a systematic review of the literature, our best estimates for sustainable global NET potentials in 2050 are 0.5–3.6 GtCO₂ yr⁻¹ for afforestation and reforestation, 0.5–5 GtCO₂ yr⁻¹ for BECCS, 0.5–2 GtCO₂ yr⁻¹ for biochar, 2–4 GtCO₂ yr⁻¹ for enhanced weathering, 0.5–5 GtCO₂ yr⁻¹ for DACCS, and up to 5 GtCO2 yr⁻¹ for soil carbon sequestration. Costs vary widely across the technologies, as do their permanency and cumulative potentials beyond 2050. It is unlikely that a single NET will be able to sustainably meet the rates of carbon uptake described in integrated assessment pathways consistent with 1.5 °C of global warming.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
07 Nov 2019-Nature
TL;DR: The capture and use of carbon dioxide to create valuable products might lower the net costs of reducing emissions or removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, but barriers to implementation remain substantial and resource constraints prevent the simultaneous deployment of all pathways.
Abstract: The capture and use of carbon dioxide to create valuable products might lower the net costs of reducing emissions or removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Here we review ten pathways for the utilization of carbon dioxide. Pathways that involve chemicals, fuels and microalgae might reduce emissions of carbon dioxide but have limited potential for its removal, whereas pathways that involve construction materials can both utilize and remove carbon dioxide. Land-based pathways can increase agricultural output and remove carbon dioxide. Our assessment suggests that each pathway could scale to over 0.5 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide utilization annually. However, barriers to implementation remain substantial and resource constraints prevent the simultaneous deployment of all pathways. Ten pathways for the utilization of carbon dioxide are reviewed, considering their potential scale, economics and barriers to implementation.

879 citations

01 Jan 2018
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a survey of the work of the authors of this paper, including the following authors: Katherine Calvin (USA), Joana Correia de Oliveira de Portugal Pereira (UK/Portugal), Oreane Edelenbosch (Netherlands/Italy), Johannes Emmerling (Italy/Germany), Sabine Fuss (Germany), Thomas Gasser (Austria/France), Nathan Gillett (Canada), Chenmin He (China), Edgar Hertwich (USA/Austria), Lena Höglund-Is
Abstract: Contributing Authors: Katherine Calvin (USA), Joana Correia de Oliveira de Portugal Pereira (UK/Portugal), Oreane Edelenbosch (Netherlands/Italy), Johannes Emmerling (Italy/Germany), Sabine Fuss (Germany), Thomas Gasser (Austria/France), Nathan Gillett (Canada), Chenmin He (China), Edgar Hertwich (USA/Austria), Lena Höglund-Isaksson (Austria/Sweden), Daniel Huppmann (Austria), Gunnar Luderer (Germany), Anil Markandya (Spain/UK), David L. McCollum (USA/Austria), Malte Meinshausen (Australia/Germany), Richard Millar (UK), Alexander Popp (Germany), Pallav Purohit (Austria/India), Keywan Riahi (Austria), Aurélien Ribes (France), Harry Saunders (Canada/USA), Christina Schädel (USA/Switzerland), Chris Smith (UK), Pete Smith (UK), Evelina Trutnevyte (Switzerland/Lithuania), Yang Xiu (China), Wenji Zhou (Austria/China), Kirsten Zickfeld (Canada/Germany)

671 citations

Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, Daniela Jacob, Marco Bindi, Sally Brown, I. A. Camilloni, Arona Diedhiou, Riyanti Djalante, Kristie L. Ebi1, Francois Engelbrecht1, Joel Guiot, Yasuaki Hijioka, S. Mehrotra, Antony J. Payne2, Sonia I. Seneviratne3, Adelle Thomas3, Rachel Warren4, G. Zhou4, Sharina Abdul Halim, Michelle Achlatis, Lisa V. Alexander, Myles R. Allen, Peter Berry, Christopher Boyer, Edward Byers, Lorenzo Brilli, Marcos Silveira Buckeridge, William W. L. Cheung, Marlies Craig, Neville Ellis, Jason P. Evans, Hubertus Fischer, Klaus Fraedrich, Sabine Fuss, Anjani Ganase, Jean-Pierre Gattuso, Peter Greve, Tania Guillén Bolaños, Naota Hanasaki, Tomoko Hasegawa, Katie Hayes, Annette L. Hirsch, Chris D. Jones, Thomas Jung, Markku Kanninen, Gerhard Krinner, David M. Lawrence, Timothy M. Lenton, Debora Ley, Diana Liverman, Natalie M. Mahowald, Kathleen L. McInnes, Katrin J. Meissner, Richard J. Millar, Katja Mintenbeck, Daniel M. Mitchell, Alan C. Mix, Dirk Notz, Leonard Nurse, Andrew Emmanuel Okem, Lennart Olsson, Michael Oppenheimer, Shlomit Paz, Juliane Petersen, Jan Petzold, Swantje Preuschmann, Mohammad Feisal Rahman, Joeri Rogelj, Hanna Scheuffele, Carl-Friedrich Schleussner, Daniel Scott, Roland Séférian, Jana Sillmann, Chandni Singh, Raphael Slade, Kimberly Stephenson, Tannecia S. Stephenson, Mouhamadou Bamba Sylla, Mark Tebboth, Petra Tschakert, Robert Vautard, Richard Wartenburger, Michael Wehner, Nora Marie Weyer, Felicia S. Whyte, Gary W. Yohe, Xuebin Zhang, Robert B. Zougmoré 
01 Jan 2018
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a survey of women's sportswriters in South Africa and Ivory Coast, including: Marco Bindi (Italy), Sally Brown (UK), Ines Camilloni (Argentina), Arona Diedhiou (Ivory Coast/Senegal), Riyanti Djalante (Japan/Indonesia), Kristie L. Ebi (USA), Francois Engelbrecht (South Africa), Joel Guiot (France), Yasuaki Hijioka (Japan), Shagun Mehrotra (USA/India), Ant
Abstract: Lead Authors: Marco Bindi (Italy), Sally Brown (UK), Ines Camilloni (Argentina), Arona Diedhiou (Ivory Coast/Senegal), Riyanti Djalante (Japan/Indonesia), Kristie L. Ebi (USA), Francois Engelbrecht (South Africa), Joel Guiot (France), Yasuaki Hijioka (Japan), Shagun Mehrotra (USA/India), Antony Payne (UK), Sonia I. Seneviratne (Switzerland), Adelle Thomas (Bahamas), Rachel Warren (UK), Guangsheng Zhou (China)

614 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a literature review and techno-economic analyses of state-of-the-art CO2 direct air capture (DAC) technologies are performed, wherein, DAC technologies are categorised as high temperature aqueous solutions (HT DAC) and low temperature solid sorbent (LT DAC) systems, from an energy system perspective.

495 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An in-depth assessment of the role of NETs in climate change mitigation scenarios, their ethical implications, as well as the challenges involved in bringing the various NETs to the market and scaling them up in time are clarified.
Abstract: With the Paris Agreement's ambition of limiting climate change to well below 2 °C, negative emission technologies (NETs) have moved into the limelight of discussions in climate science and policy. Despite several assessments, the current knowledge on NETs is still diffuse and incomplete, but also growing fast. Here, we synthesize a comprehensive body of NETs literature, using scientometric tools and performing an in-depth assessment of the quantitative and qualitative evidence therein. We clarify the role of NETs in climate change mitigation scenarios, their ethical implications, as well as the challenges involved in bringing the various NETs to the market and scaling them up in time. There are six major findings arising from our assessment: first, keeping warming below 1.5 °C requires the large-scale deployment of NETs, but this dependency can still be kept to a minimum for the 2 °C warming limit. Second, accounting for economic and biophysical limits, we identify relevant potentials for all NETs except ocean fertilization. Third, any single NET is unlikely to sustainably achieve the large NETs deployment observed in many 1.5 °C and 2 °C mitigation scenarios. Yet, portfolios of multiple NETs, each deployed at modest scales, could be invaluable for reaching the climate goals. Fourth, a substantial gap exists between the upscaling and rapid diffusion of NETs implied in scenarios and progress in actual innovation and deployment. If NETs are required at the scales currently discussed, the resulting urgency of implementation is currently neither reflected in science nor policy. Fifth, NETs face severe barriers to implementation and are only weakly incentivized so far. Finally, we identify distinct ethical discourses relevant for NETs, but highlight the need to root them firmly in the available evidence in order to render such discussions relevant in practice.

473 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Rattan Lal1
11 Jun 2004-Science
TL;DR: In this article, the carbon sink capacity of the world’s agricultural and degraded soils is 50 to 66% of the historic carbon loss of 42 to 78 gigatons of carbon.
Abstract: :The carbon sink capacity of the world’s agricultural and degraded soils is 50 to 66% of the historic carbon loss of 42 to 78 gigatons of carbon. The rate of soil organic carbon sequestration with adoption of recommended technologies depends on soil texture and structure, rainfall, temperature, farming system, and soil management. Strategies to increase the soil carbon pool include soil restoration and woodland regeneration, no-till farming, cover crops, nutrient management, manuring and sludge application, improved grazing, water conservation and harvesting, efficient irrigation, agroforestry practices, and growing energy crops on spare lands. An increase of 1 ton of soil carbon pool of degraded cropland soils may increase crop yield by 20 to 40 kilograms per hectare (kg/ha) for wheat, 10 to 20 kg/ha for maize, and 0.5 to 1 kg/ha for cowpeas. As well as enhancing food security, carbon sequestration has the potential to offset fossilfuel emissions by 0.4 to 1.2 gigatons of carbon per year, or 5 to 15% of the global fossil-fuel emissions.

5,835 citations


"Negative emissions-Part 2 : Costs, ..." refers background in this paper

  • ...The remainder of the estimates of maximum potential (seven articles: (Lal 2003a, 2004c, Lassaletta and Aguilera 2015, Metting et al 2001, Smith 2012, 26 Environ....

    [...]

  • ...Of the 22 articles (Batjes 1998, Benbi 2013, Conant 2011, Henderson et al 2015, Lal 2003b, 2003a, 2004a, 2004c, 2004b, 2010, 2011, 2013, Lassaletta and Aguilera 2015, Lorenz and Lal 2014, Powlson et al 2014, Salati et al 2010, Smith 2012, 2016, Sommer and Bossio 2014, Minasny et al 2017, Metting et…...

    [...]

  • ...Side effects are noted in a number of articles, featuring for example, improved soil quality and health (Lal 2004b), improved and more stable crop yield (Pan et al 2009), increased methane emissions when SCS is encouraged in rice paddies through addition of farmyard manure (Nayak et al 2015), or…...

    [...]

  • ...…practices applied globally, the technical potentials are 1.47–2.93 GtCO2 yr −1 for croplands, 0.73–1.47 GtCO2 yr −1 for desertification control (Lal 2004b), 3.6 GtCO2 yr −1 in dryland ecosystems (Lal 2004a), 1.47–3.67 GtCO2 yr −1 for reclamation of agricultural soils (Benbi 2013), 0.4–0.6…...

    [...]

  • ...The stoichiometry of the organic matter means that for every t C/ha of soil organic matter added, nutrients, that is nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium, would increase by 80 kg ha−1, 20 kg ha−1 and 15 kg ha−1, respectively (Lal 2004b, Smith 2016)....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
11 Feb 2010-Nature
TL;DR: A new process for creating plausible scenarios to investigate some of the most challenging and important questions about climate change confronting the global community is described.
Abstract: Advances in the science and observation of climate change are providing a clearer understanding of the inherent variability of Earth's climate system and its likely response to human and natural influences. The implications of climate change for the environment and society will depend not only on the response of the Earth system to changes in radiative forcings, but also on how humankind responds through changes in technology, economies, lifestyle and policy. Extensive uncertainties exist in future forcings of and responses to climate change, necessitating the use of scenarios of the future to explore the potential consequences of different response options. To date, such scenarios have not adequately examined crucial possibilities, such as climate change mitigation and adaptation, and have relied on research processes that slowed the exchange of information among physical, biological and social scientists. Here we describe a new process for creating plausible scenarios to investigate some of the most challenging and important questions about climate change confronting the global community.

5,670 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reviewed the technologies underpinning microalgae-to-bio-fuels systems, focusing on the biomass production, harvesting, conversion technologies, and the extraction of useful co-products.
Abstract: Sustainability is a key principle in natural resource management, and it involves operational efficiency, minimisation of environmental impact and socio-economic considerations; all of which are interdependent. It has become increasingly obvious that continued reliance on fossil fuel energy resources is unsustainable, owing to both depleting world reserves and the green house gas emissions associated with their use. Therefore, there are vigorous research initiatives aimed at developing alternative renewable and potentially carbon neutral solid, liquid and gaseous biofuels as alternative energy resources. However, alternate energy resources akin to first generation biofuels derived from terrestrial crops such as sugarcane, sugar beet, maize and rapeseed place an enormous strain on world food markets, contribute to water shortages and precipitate the destruction of the world's forests. Second generation biofuels derived from lignocellulosic agriculture and forest residues and from non-food crop feedstocks address some of the above problems; however there is concern over competing land use or required land use changes. Therefore, based on current knowledge and technology projections, third generation biofuels specifically derived from microalgae are considered to be a technically viable alternative energy resource that is devoid of the major drawbacks associated with first and second generation biofuels. Microalgae are photosynthetic microorganisms with simple growing requirements (light, sugars, CO 2 , N, P, and K) that can produce lipids, proteins and carbohydrates in large amounts over short periods of time. These products can be processed into both biofuels and valuable co-products. This study reviewed the technologies underpinning microalgae-to-biofuels systems, focusing on the biomass production, harvesting, conversion technologies, and the extraction of useful co-products. It also reviewed the synergistic coupling of microalgae propagation with carbon sequestration and wastewater treatment potential for mitigation of environmental impacts associated with energy conversion and utilisation. It was found that, whereas there are outstanding issues related to photosynthetic efficiencies and biomass output, microalgae-derived biofuels could progressively substitute a significant proportion of the fossil fuels required to meet the growing energy demand.

4,432 citations


"Negative emissions-Part 2 : Costs, ..." refers background in this paper

  • ...24 Although achievable scales are not clear yet, there is also research on third-generation biofuels, derived from algal biomass (Brennan and Owende 2010) with the potential to enhance yields by improving microalgal biology through genetic or metabolic engineering (Tandon and Jin 2017)....

    [...]

  • ...(Some 24 Although achievable scales are not clear yet, there is also research on third-generation biofuels, derived from algal biomass (Brennan and Owende 2010) with the potential to enhance yields by improving microalgal biology through genetic or metabolic engineering (Tandon and Jin…...

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
Rattan Lal1
01 Nov 2004-Geoderma
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a sustainable management of soil organic carbon (SOC) pool through conservation tillage with cover crops and crop residue mulch, nutrient cycling including the use of compost and manure, and other management practices.

2,931 citations


"Negative emissions-Part 2 : Costs, ..." refers background in this paper

  • ...The remainder of the estimates of maximum potential (seven articles: (Lal 2003a, 2004c, Lassaletta and Aguilera 2015, Metting et al 2001, Smith 2012, 26 Environ....

    [...]

  • ...Of the 22 articles (Batjes 1998, Benbi 2013, Conant 2011, Henderson et al 2015, Lal 2003b, 2003a, 2004a, 2004c, 2004b, 2010, 2011, 2013, Lassaletta and Aguilera 2015, Lorenz and Lal 2014, Powlson et al 2014, Salati et al 2010, Smith 2012, 2016, Sommer and Bossio 2014, Minasny et al 2017, Metting et…...

    [...]

  • ...Side effects are noted in a number of articles, featuring for example, improved soil quality and health (Lal 2004b), improved and more stable crop yield (Pan et al 2009), increased methane emissions when SCS is encouraged in rice paddies through addition of farmyard manure (Nayak et al 2015), or…...

    [...]

  • ...…practices applied globally, the technical potentials are 1.47–2.93 GtCO2 yr −1 for croplands, 0.73–1.47 GtCO2 yr −1 for desertification control (Lal 2004b), 3.6 GtCO2 yr −1 in dryland ecosystems (Lal 2004a), 1.47–3.67 GtCO2 yr −1 for reclamation of agricultural soils (Benbi 2013), 0.4–0.6…...

    [...]

  • ...The stoichiometry of the organic matter means that for every t C/ha of soil organic matter added, nutrients, that is nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium, would increase by 80 kg ha−1, 20 kg ha−1 and 15 kg ha−1, respectively (Lal 2004b, Smith 2016)....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the overview of the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) and their energy, land use, and emissions implications, and find that associated costs strongly depend on three factors: (1) the policy assumptions, (2) the socioeconomic narrative, and (3) the stringency of the target.
Abstract: This paper presents the overview of the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) and their energy, land use, and emissions implications. The SSPs are part of a new scenario framework, established by the climate change research community in order to facilitate the integrated analysis of future climate impacts, vulnerabilities, adaptation, and mitigation. The pathways were developed over the last years as a joint community effort and describe plausible major global developments that together would lead in the future to different challenges for mitigation and adaptation to climate change. The SSPs are based on five narratives describing alternative socio-economic developments, including sustainable development, regional rivalry, inequality, fossil-fueled development, and middle-of-the-road development. The long-term demographic and economic projections of the SSPs depict a wide uncertainty range consistent with the scenario literature. A multi-model approach was used for the elaboration of the energy, land-use and the emissions trajectories of SSP-based scenarios. The baseline scenarios lead to global energy consumption of 400–1200 EJ in 2100, and feature vastly different land-use dynamics, ranging from a possible reduction in cropland area up to a massive expansion by more than 700 million hectares by 2100. The associated annual CO 2 emissions of the baseline scenarios range from about 25 GtCO 2 to more than 120 GtCO 2 per year by 2100. With respect to mitigation, we find that associated costs strongly depend on three factors: (1) the policy assumptions, (2) the socio-economic narrative, and (3) the stringency of the target. The carbon price for reaching the target of 2.6 W/m 2 that is consistent with a temperature change limit of 2 °C, differs in our analysis thus by about a factor of three across the SSP marker scenarios. Moreover, many models could not reach this target from the SSPs with high mitigation challenges. While the SSPs were designed to represent different mitigation and adaptation challenges, the resulting narratives and quantifications span a wide range of different futures broadly representative of the current literature. This allows their subsequent use and development in new assessments and research projects. Critical next steps for the community scenario process will, among others, involve regional and sectoral extensions, further elaboration of the adaptation and impacts dimension, as well as employing the SSP scenarios with the new generation of earth system models as part of the 6th climate model intercomparison project (CMIP6).

2,644 citations

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Trending Questions (1)
Discuss the overview of various negative emission technologies ?

The paper provides an overview of seven negative emission technologies: bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), afforestation and reforestation, direct air carbon capture and storage (DACCS), enhanced weathering, ocean fertilisation, biochar, and soil carbon sequestration.