Neither T-helper type 2 nor Foxp3 + regulatory T cells are necessary for therapeutic benefit of atorvastatin in treatment of central nervous system autoimmunity
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Cites background from "Neither T-helper type 2 nor Foxp3 +..."
...In Langat virus and TBE infections, IFN is protective against fatal neurotropic disease (Weber et al. 2014a )....
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...Statin treatment is benefi cial therapy in multiple sclerosis, not by inducing Th2 or Treg cells, but by inhibiting proliferation of infl ammatory T cell (Weber et al. 2014b )....
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Cites background from "Neither T-helper type 2 nor Foxp3 +..."
...found that atorvastatin can boost the expression of Th2 cells [26,45]....
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References
1,082 citations
"Neither T-helper type 2 nor Foxp3 +..." refers background or methods in this paper
...myocarditis [5,6], experimental systemic lupus erythematosus [7] and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) [2,8-10], the animal model for multiple sclerosis (MS)....
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...These doses have been previously shown to prevent EAE [2]....
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...Besides their metabolic properties, statins attracted interest for their immunomodulatory potential [2]....
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...We observed that in vivo AT treatment during EAE inhibited proliferation of myelin-specific T cells upon restimulation ex vivo [2,8] (Figure 4a), suggesting that these myelin-reactive cells expanded less in AT-treated mice post vaccination....
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...) was brought into suspension in phosphate-buffered saline as described previously [2]....
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936 citations
"Neither T-helper type 2 nor Foxp3 +..." refers background in this paper
...factor (Nrf2) pathway [49,50], it also exerts anti-...
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475 citations
"Neither T-helper type 2 nor Foxp3 +..." refers background in this paper
...How does this new information impact the potential use of statins in MS [42]? At first glance, nonspecific inhibition of proinflammatory T-cell differentiation in MS may be viewed less advantageously than the active induction of an anti-inflammatory T-cell phenotype [17,18,43]....
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...In the first placebo-controlled trial testing a statin as monotherapy in MS, atorvastatin (AT) significantly reduced the risk of developing new magnetic resonance imaging demyelinating lesions in patients with clinical isolated syndromes, but did not meet its primary endpoint that included reduction in conversion to clinically definite MS [17,18]....
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439 citations
436 citations
"Neither T-helper type 2 nor Foxp3 +..." refers background or result in this paper
...(b) The frequency of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) was evaluated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting....
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...However, it was not associated with an increase in CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Tregs in either STAT6-deficient or wild-type mice....
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...A potential increase in Tregs is therefore unlikely to significantly contribute to the anti-inflammatory effect of statins in CNS autoimmune disease....
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...Induction of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Tregs was evaluated using a FACS staining kit by eBioscience....
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...Whether statins solely inhibit encephalitogenic T-cell differentiation or whether they may actively induce regulatory T-cell populations such as Th2 cells or Foxp3+ Tregs, considered a desirable goal in treatment of MS, thus remains to be investigated....
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