Neither T-helper type 2 nor Foxp3 + regulatory T cells are necessary for therapeutic benefit of atorvastatin in treatment of central nervous system autoimmunity
Citations
221 citations
Cites background from "Neither T-helper type 2 nor Foxp3 +..."
...Administration of cholesterol-reducing statins such as atorvastatin inhibited the development of EAE without increasing the frequency of FoxP3 Treg cells or Th2 cells, yet there was a substantial increase in IL-10 expression [109]....
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...Treatments such as the lipid-lowering drug atorvastatin mentioned earlier have no effect on the FoxP3 Treg population, indicating that increasing the Treg population, although may be desirable, may not always be necessary [109]....
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...Many treatments which increase Tregs in EAE have been found to be efficacious, while other treatments, although successful, showed no effect on Tregs [109]....
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152 citations
41 citations
39 citations
Cites background from "Neither T-helper type 2 nor Foxp3 +..."
...Many MS/EAE treatments increase Treg cells, which have been found to be efficacious, while other treatments, although successful, have shown no effects on these cells (45)....
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36 citations
Cites background from "Neither T-helper type 2 nor Foxp3 +..."
...Extensive research regarding the detailed mechanisms underlying immunemediated demyelination in multiple sclerosis has been conducted using EAE model mice [4, 5]....
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...The most commonly studied animal models of multiple sclerosis are the autoimmune experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model [4, 5] and the cuprizone (bis-cyclohexanone-oxalyldihydrazone, CPZ)induced demyelination model [6, 7]....
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References
32 citations
"Neither T-helper type 2 nor Foxp3 +..." refers background in this paper
...How does this new information impact the potential use of statins in MS [42]? At first glance, nonspecific inhibition of proinflammatory T-cell differentiation in MS may be viewed less advantageously than the active induction of an anti-inflammatory T-cell phenotype [17,18,43]....
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25 citations
"Neither T-helper type 2 nor Foxp3 +..." refers result in this paper
...While results are not unequivocal [45], two of these studies suggested that addition of oral statin to IFNβ therapy may result in a paradoxical increase of MS activity [13-16]....
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22 citations
"Neither T-helper type 2 nor Foxp3 +..." refers background in this paper
...How does this new information impact the potential use of statins in MS [42]? At first glance, nonspecific inhibition of proinflammatory T-cell differentiation in MS may be viewed less advantageously than the active induction of an anti-inflammatory T-cell phenotype [17,18,43]....
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20 citations
"Neither T-helper type 2 nor Foxp3 +..." refers background in this paper
...Interestingly, there are only limited data suggesting that statins may promote expansion of Tregs [39-41]....
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...Shown is the percentage of CD4+CD25+ Tregs within all CD4+ T cells....
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...(b) The frequency of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) was evaluated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting....
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...However, it was not associated with an increase in CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Tregs in either STAT6-deficient or wild-type mice....
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...A potential increase in Tregs is therefore unlikely to significantly contribute to the anti-inflammatory effect of statins in CNS autoimmune disease....
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19 citations
"Neither T-helper type 2 nor Foxp3 +..." refers background in this paper
...Mechanistically, statins mediate pleiotropic effects on various cells of the immune system [12]....
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...Based on its potent effect in EAE [11,12], oral statin treatment has been evaluated alone or in combination with established drugs in clinical MS trials [13-16]....
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