Neurodegenerative diseases and oxidative stress.
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...Oxidative stress and free radical generation catalyzed by redox metals have been shown to play pivotal role in regulating redox reactions in vivo contributing RNS and ROS, main culprits in neurodegeneration [42]....
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...However, this can be misleading because O 2 , H2O2 and some other ROS can act as both oxidizing and reducing agents in different systems....
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...I prefer the term reactive oxygen species (ROS), a collective descriptor that includes not only the oxygen radicals but also some non-radical derivatives of O2 (Table 1), such as H2O2 and hypochlorous acid (HOCl)....
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...In turn, such cytokines can cause microglia to generate more ROS upon activation and to produce inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and hence excess NO•....
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...Bilirubin or biliverdin produced by heme degradation might have some antioxidant activities (Van Bergen et al. 1999), although bilirubin breakdown by ROS might produce vasoconstricting compounds (Pyne-Geithman et al. 2005) and too much bilirubin is neurotoxic (Lin et al. 2005)....
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...Iron, copper and some other metals promote the aggregation of several proteins including a-synucleins and Ab (Barnham et al. 2004)....
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...As a general principle, the chemical origin of the majority of ROS is the reaction of molecular oxygen with the redox-active metals copper and iro...
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...AD is characterized by the deposition of AMYLOID plaques, the major constituent being the amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) that is cleaved from the membrane-bound amyloid precursor protein (APP...
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