Neuronal Correlates of Cognitive Control during Gaming Revealed by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
TL;DR: A neuronal marker of cognitive control during gaming revealed by near-infrared spectroscopy recordings is demonstrated, with findings that fewer objects were caught during LEARN but stimulus-response mappings were successfully identified.
Abstract: In everyday life we quickly build and maintain associations between stimuli and behavioral responses. This is governed by rules of varying complexity and past studies have identified an underlying fronto-parietal network involved in cognitive control processes. However, there is only limited knowledge about the neuronal activations during more natural settings like game playing. We thus assessed whether near-infrared spectroscopy recordings can reflect different demands on cognitive control during a simple game playing task. Sixteen healthy participants had to catch falling objects by pressing computer keys. These objects either fell randomly (RANDOM task), according to a known stimulus-response mapping applied by players (APPLY task) or according to a stimulus-response mapping that had to be learned (LEARN task). We found an increased change of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin during LEARN covering broad areas over right frontal, central and parietal cortex. Opposed to this, hemoglobin changes were less pronounced for RANDOM and APPLY. Along with the findings that fewer objects were caught during LEARN but stimulus-response mappings were successfully identified, we attribute the higher activations to an increased cognitive load when extracting an unknown mapping. This study therefore demonstrates a neuronal marker of cognitive control during gaming revealed by near-infrared spectroscopy recordings.
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TL;DR: The results of the current study suggest that game-based learning environments for fraction education (even using tilt-control) may also allow for a valid assessment of students fraction knowledge.
47 citations
TL;DR: Of particular interest here are the cerebrovascular effects noted for deoxygenated haemoglobin levels during cognitive task performance that were significantly higher in the rosemary water condition, which may indicate a facilitation of oxygen extraction at times of cognitive demand.
Abstract: Background:The use of herbal extracts and supplements to enhance health and wellbeing is increasing in western society.Aims:This study investigated the impact of the acute ingestion of a commercial...
20 citations
Cites background from "Neuronal Correlates of Cognitive Co..."
...Such NIRS effects have been demonstrated previously in response to cognitive effort (Witte et al., 2015) although, interestingly in a study that assessed only attention, a decrease in total and oxygenated haemoglobin has been reported (Bierre et al., 2016)....
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01 Jun 2019
TL;DR: New models of general and interval type-2 fuzzy classifiers are proposed to reduce the scope of uncertainty in cognitive load classification due to the fluctuation of the hemodynamic features within and across sessions.
Abstract: This paper addresses a novel approach to assess and classify the cognitive load of subjects from their hemodynamic response while engaged in motor learning tasks, such as vehicle driving A set of complex motor-activity-learning stimuli for braking, steering-control, and acceleration is prepared to experimentally measure and classify the cognitive load of the car drivers in three distinct classes: high, medium, and low New models of general and interval type-2 fuzzy classifiers are proposed to reduce the scope of uncertainty in cognitive load classification due to the fluctuation of the hemodynamic features within and across sessions The proposed classifiers offer high classification accuracy over 96%, leaving behind the traditional type-1/type-2 fuzzy and other standard classifiers Experiments undertaken also offer a deep biological insight concerning the shift of brain activations from the orbitofrontal to the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex during the high-to-low transition in cognitive load Furthermore, the activation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is also reduced during the low cognitive load of subjects The proposed research work outcome may directly be utilized to identify driving learners with a low cognitive load for difficult motor learning tasks, such as taking a U-turn in a narrow space and motion control on the top of a bridge to avoid possible collision with the car ahead
20 citations
Cites background from "Neuronal Correlates of Cognitive Co..."
...Although there are traces of works on fNIRs based experiments on motor learning/memory [6], [13]–[18], [39]–[40], there is hardly any work on cognitive load analysis of subjects during the motor learning phase....
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References
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TL;DR: Evidence for partially segregated networks of brain areas that carry out different attentional functions is reviewed, finding that one system is involved in preparing and applying goal-directed selection for stimuli and responses, and the other is specialized for the detection of behaviourally relevant stimuli.
Abstract: We review evidence for partially segregated networks of brain areas that carry out different attentional functions. One system, which includes parts of the intraparietal cortex and superior frontal cortex, is involved in preparing and applying goal-directed (top-down) selection for stimuli and responses. This system is also modulated by the detection of stimuli. The other system, which includes the temporoparietal cortex and inferior frontal cortex, and is largely lateralized to the right hemisphere, is not involved in top-down selection. Instead, this system is specialized for the detection of behaviourally relevant stimuli, particularly when they are salient or unexpected. This ventral frontoparietal network works as a 'circuit breaker' for the dorsal system, directing attention to salient events. Both attentional systems interact during normal vision, and both are disrupted in unilateral spatial neglect.
10,985 citations
"Neuronal Correlates of Cognitive Co..." refers background in this paper
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01 Jan 1981
TL;DR: The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) was the most commonly used task and the examiner did not provide instructions prior to or during the performance of the task, according to the revised and expanded manual.
Abstract: Correlation between intelligence test score and executive function measures. Archives Wisconsin Card Sorting Test manual: Revised and expanded. Odessa. The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) was the most commonly used task Although the examiner did not provide instructions prior to or during the performance of the task, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test manual: revised and expanded. Wisconsin card sorting tests manual revised and expanded. Amsterdam short-term memory test: a new procedure for the detection of feigned memory deficits.
2,948 citations
"Neuronal Correlates of Cognitive Co..." refers methods in this paper
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TL;DR: A new experimental and data-analytical framework called representational similarity analysis (RSA) is proposed, in which multi-channel measures of neural activity are quantitatively related to each other and to computational theory and behavior by comparing RDMs.
Abstract: A fundamental challenge for systems neuroscience is to quantitatively relate its three major branches of research: brain-activity measurement, behavioral measurement, and computational modeling. Using measured brain-activity patterns to evaluate computational network models is complicated by the need to define the correspondency between the units of the model and the channels of the brain-activity data, e.g. single-cell recordings or voxels from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Similar correspondency problems complicate relating activity patterns between different modalities of brain-activity measurement, and between subjects and species. In order to bridge these divides, we suggest abstracting from the activity patterns themselves and computing representational dissimilarity matrices, which characterize the information carried by a given representation in a brain or model. We propose a new experimental and data-analytical framework called representational similarity analysis (RSA), in which multi-channel measures of neural activity are quantitatively related to each other and to computational theory and behavior by comparing representational dissimilarity matrices. We demonstrate RSA by relating representations of visual objects as measured with fMRI to computational models spanning a wide range of complexities. We argue that these ideas, which have deep roots in psychology and neuroscience, will allow the integrated quantitative analysis of data from all three branches, thus contributing to a more unified systems neuroscience.
2,723 citations
"Neuronal Correlates of Cognitive Co..." refers methods in this paper
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TL;DR: The interactions of these regions are characterized by applying graph theory to resting state functional connectivity MRI data, suggesting the presence of two distinct task-control networks that appear to operate on different time scales and affect downstream processing via dissociable mechanisms.
Abstract: Control regions in the brain are thought to provide signals that configure the brain's moment-to-moment information processing. Previously, we identified regions that carried signals related to task-control initiation, maintenance, and adjustment. Here we characterize the interactions of these regions by applying graph theory to resting state functional connectivity MRI data. In contrast to previous, more unitary models of control, this approach suggests the presence of two distinct task-control networks. A frontoparietal network included the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and intraparietal sulcus. This network emphasized start-cue and error-related activity and may initiate and adapt control on a trial-by-trial basis. The second network included dorsal anterior cingulate/medial superior frontal cortex, anterior insula/frontal operculum, and anterior prefrontal cortex. Among other signals, these regions showed activity sustained across the entire task epoch, suggesting that this network may control goal-directed behavior through the stable maintenance of task sets. These two independent networks appear to operate on different time scales and affect downstream processing via dissociable mechanisms.
2,386 citations
TL;DR: The control systems of the brain seem to embody the principles of complex systems, encouraging resilient performance in a group of regions associated with top-down control.
1,581 citations