Neurosensory Effects of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation

doi:10.1016/J.BRS.2014.08.005

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Neurosensory Effects of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation

Journal Article•DOI•

Neurosensory Effects of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation

Valerio Raco¹, Robert Bauer¹, Mark Olenik¹, Diandra Brkic¹, Alireza Gharabaghi¹ - Show less +1 more•Institutions (1)

University of Tübingen¹

01 Nov 2014-Brain Stimulation (Elsevier)-Vol. 7, Iss: 6, pp 823-831

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that the strength and the likelihood of sensations elicited by tACS were specifically modulated by the stimulation parameters, and the present work may be instrumental in establishing effective blinding conditions for studies with tACs.

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About: This article is published in Brain Stimulation.The article was published on 2014-11-01. It has received 49 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Transcranial alternating current stimulation & Phosphene.

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Journal Article•DOI•

A technical guide to tDCS, and related non-invasive brain stimulation tools

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Adam J. Woods¹, Andrea Antal², Marom Bikson³, Paulo S. Boggio⁴, Andre R. Brunoni⁵, Pablo Celnik⁶, Leonardo G. Cohen⁷, Felipe Fregni⁸, Christoph Herrmann, Emily S. Kappenman⁹, Helena Knotkova, David Liebetanz², Carlo Miniussi¹⁰, Pedro C. Miranda¹¹, Walter Paulus², Davide Reato³, Charlotte J. Stagg¹², Nicole Wenderoth¹³, Michael A. Nitsche², Michael A. Nitsche¹⁴ - Show less +16 more•Institutions (14)

University of Florida¹, University of Göttingen², City College of New York³, Mackenzie Presbyterian University⁴, University of São Paulo⁵, Johns Hopkins University⁶, National Institutes of Health⁷, Harvard University⁸, University of California, Davis⁹, University of Brescia¹⁰, University of Lisbon¹¹, University of Oxford¹², ETH Zurich¹³, Ruhr University Bochum¹⁴

01 Feb 2016-Clinical Neurophysiology

TL;DR: This review covers technical aspects of tES, as well as applications like exploration of brain physiology, modelling approaches, tES in cognitive neurosciences, and interventional approaches to help the reader to appropriately design and conduct studies involving these brain stimulation techniques.

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942 citations

Cites background from "Neurosensory Effects of Transcrania..."

...Concerns have been raised about the applicability of placebo protocols in tACS studies (Raco et al., 2014; Schutter and Hortensius, 2010), as alternating current applied in the EEG frequency range – dependent on electrode position and stimulation intensity – can evoke phosphene perception during…...
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...Concerns have been raised about the applicability of placebo protocols in tACS studies (Raco et al., 2014; Schutter and Hortensius, 2010), as alternating current applied in the EEG frequency range – dependent on electrode position and stimulation intensity – can evoke phosphene perception during the entire application of stimulation (Turi et al....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Low intensity transcranial electric stimulation: Safety, ethical, legal regulatory and application guidelines

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Andrea Antal¹, Ivan Alekseichuk¹, Marom Bikson², Jürgen Brockmöller¹, Andre R. Brunoni³, Robert Chen⁴, L.G. Cohen, G. Dowthwaite, Jens Ellrich⁵, Jens Ellrich⁶, Agnes Flöel⁷, Felipe Fregni⁸, Mark S. George⁹, Roy H. Hamilton¹⁰, Jens Haueisen¹¹, Christoph Herrmann¹², Friedhelm C. Hummel¹³, Jean-Pascal Lefaucheur¹⁴, David Liebetanz¹, Colleen Loo¹⁵, Colin D. McCaig¹⁶, Carlo Miniussi¹⁷, Pedro C. Miranda¹⁸, Vera Moliadze¹⁹, M.A. Nitsche²⁰, M.A. Nitsche²¹, R. Nowak, Frank Padberg²², Alvaro Pascual-Leone²³, W. Poppendieck²⁴, Simona Rossi²⁵, Paolo Maria Rossini²⁶, John C. Rothwell²⁷, Maria Adele Rueger, Giulio Ruffini, K. Schellhorn, Hartwig R. Siebner²⁸, Yoshikazu Ugawa²⁹, Anna Wexler³⁰, Ulf Ziemann³¹, Mark Hallett, Walter Paulus¹ - Show less +38 more•Institutions (31)

University of Göttingen¹, City College of New York², University of São Paulo³, University of Toronto⁴, Aalborg University⁵, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg⁶, Greifswald University Hospital⁷, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital⁸, Medical University of South Carolina⁹, University of Pennsylvania¹⁰, Technische Universität Ilmenau¹¹, University of Oldenburg¹², École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne¹³, Paris 12 Val de Marne University¹⁴, University of New South Wales¹⁵, University of Aberdeen¹⁶, University of Trento¹⁷, University of Lisbon¹⁸, University of Kiel¹⁹, Technical University of Dortmund²⁰, Ruhr University Bochum²¹, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich²², Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center²³, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences²⁴, University of Siena²⁵, The Catholic University of America²⁶, University College London²⁷, University of Copenhagen²⁸, Fukushima Medical University²⁹, Massachusetts Institute of Technology³⁰, University of Tübingen³¹

01 Sep 2017-Clinical Neurophysiology

TL;DR: Structured interviews are provided and recommend their use in future controlled studies, in particular when trying to extend the parameters applied, to discuss recent regulatory issues, reporting practices and ethical issues.

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699 citations

Cites background from "Neurosensory Effects of Transcrania..."

...Similarly, dizziness appeared to (non-significantly) increase with stimulation intensity (Raco et al. , 2014)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Adverse events of tDCS and tACS: A review

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Hideyuki Matsumoto, Yoshikazu Ugawa¹•Institutions (1)

Fukushima Medical University¹

01 Jan 2017-Clinical Neurophysiology Practice

TL;DR: Persistent adverse effects of tDCS are mainly skin problems; for tACS, none have been reported, and further safety investigations are needed.

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180 citations

Cites background from "Neurosensory Effects of Transcrania..."

...tion nor dizziness nor skin sensation nor pressure perception) were modified during long periods of tACS (Raco et al., 2014)....
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...All parameters had some influence on the probability and intensity of skin sensation (Raco et al., 2014)....
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...Raco et al. (2014) prospectively investigated the adverse events of tACS in healthy subjects....
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...some influence on the probability and intensity of skin sensation (Raco et al., 2014)....
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...Raco et al. (2014) also investigated the changes in sensations during long tACS protocols (2 Hz and 16 Hz, 1 mA, 60 s, F3/F4 and P3/P4) in 10 healthy subjects....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Functional role of frontal alpha oscillations in creativity

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Caroline Lustenberger¹, Michael R. Boyle¹, A. Alban Foulser¹, Juliann M. Mellin¹, Flavio Fröhlich - Show less +1 more•Institutions (1)

University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill¹

01 Jun 2015-Cortex

TL;DR: It is shown that creativity is increased by enhancing alpha power using 10 Hz transcranial alternating current stimulation of the frontal cortex, the first demonstration of specific neuronal dynamics that drive creativity and can be modulated by non-invasive brain stimulation.

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127 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) Mechanisms and Protocols

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Amir V. Tavakoli¹, Amir V. Tavakoli², Kyongsik Yun²•Institutions (2)

University of California, Los Angeles¹, California Institute of Technology²

01 Sep 2017-Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience

TL;DR: It is suggested that tACS protocols be based on functional brain mechanisms and appropriate control experiments, including active sham and condition blinding, to investigate the neural correlates of cognition.

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Abstract: Perception, cognition and consciousness can be modulated as a function of oscillating neural activity, while ongoing neuronal dynamics are influenced by synaptic activity and membrane potential. Consequently, transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) may be used for neurological intervention. The advantageous features of tACS include the biphasic and sinusoidal tACS currents, the ability to entrain large neuronal populations, and subtle control over somatic effects. Through neuromodulation of phasic, neural activity, tACS is a powerful tool to investigate the neural correlates of cognition. The rapid development in this area requires clarity about best practices. Here we briefly introduce tACS and review the most compelling findings in the literature to provide a starting point for using tACS. We suggest that tACS protocols be based on functional brain mechanisms and appropriate control experiments, including active sham and condition blinding.

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120 citations

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Journal Article•DOI•

Transcranial DC stimulation (tDCS): a tool for double-blind sham-controlled clinical studies in brain stimulation.

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Prateek C. Gandiga¹, Friedhelm C. Hummel¹, Leonardo G. Cohen¹•Institutions (1)

National Institutes of Health¹

01 Apr 2006-Clinical Neurophysiology

TL;DR: The feasibility of using tDCS in double-blind, sham-controlled randomized trials in clinical Neurorehabilitation is supported and tDCS could evolve into a useful tool, in addition to TMS, to modulate cortical activity in Neurore Rehabilitation.

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1,465 citations

"Neurosensory Effects of Transcrania..." refers background in this paper

...The first, known as sham controlled 299 stimulation (SCS), applies low current stimulation or no stimulation whatsoever to ensure 300 that subjects are unaware of the experimental conditions [2]....
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...There is conclusive 56 evidence that sensations elicited by tDCS fade with stimulation time [2]....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Safety aspects of transcranial direct current stimulation concerning healthy subjects and patients

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Csaba Poreisz¹, Klára Boros¹, Andrea Antal¹, Walter Paulus¹•Institutions (1)

University of Göttingen¹

30 May 2007-Brain Research Bulletin

TL;DR: The results suggest that tDCS applied to motor and non-motor areas according to the present tDCS safety guidelines, is associated with relatively minor adverse effects in healthy humans and patients with varying neurological disorders.

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973 citations

"Neurosensory Effects of Transcrania..." refers background in this paper

...perception of itching or tingling) during transcranial 80 direct current stimulation (tDCS) [17], and sensations of dizziness during alternating 81 current galvanic vestibular stimulation (AC-GVS) [18]....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Entrainment of Brain Oscillations by Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation

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Randolph F. Helfrich¹, Till R. Schneider¹, Stefan Rach², Sina Alexa Trautmann-Lengsfeld¹, Andreas K. Engel¹, Christoph Herrmann² - Show less +2 more•Institutions (2)

University of Hamburg¹, University of Oldenburg²

03 Feb 2014-Current Biology

TL;DR: The results reveal that 10 Hz tACS increases parieto-occipital alpha activity and synchronizes cortical oscillators with similar intrinsic frequencies to the entrainment frequency, highlighting the causal role of alpha oscillations for visual perception.

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678 citations

"Neurosensory Effects of Transcrania..." refers background in this paper

...For tACS, entrainment effects have been found to 64 be linked to ongoing oscillatory activity [10,11], and strongly depend on the current state of 65 the central nervous system [12,13]....
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...Please note that tap water has been shown to smoothen the current density 113 distribution [10]....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Relation between discharge regularity and responses to externally applied galvanic currents in vestibular nerve afferents of the squirrel monkey.

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Jay M. Goldberg, Charles E. Smith, César Fernández

01 Jun 1984-Journal of Neurophysiology

TL;DR: It is argued that the irregular discharge of some vestibular afferents offers no functional advantage in the encoding and transmission of sensory information and is better viewed as a consequence of the enhanced sensitivity of these units to depolarizing influences, including afferent and efferent synaptic inputs.

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Abstract: Most vestibular nerve afferents can be classified as regularly or irregularly discharging. Two factors are theoretically identified as being potentially responsible for differences in discharge regularity. The first, ascribable to synaptic noise, is the variance (sigma v2) characterizing the transmembrane voltage fluctuations of the axon's spike trigger site, i.e., the place where impulses normally arise. The second factor is the slope (dmuv/dt) of the trigger site's postspike recovery function. Were (dmuv/dt) a major determinant of discharge regularity, the theory predicts that the more irregular the discharge of a unit, the greater should be its sensitivity to externally applied galvanic currents and the faster should be the postspike recovery of its electrical excitability. The predictions would not hold if differences in the discharge regularity between units largely reflected variations in sigma v. To test these predictions, the responses of vestibular nerve afferents to externally applied galvanic currents were studied in the barbiturate-anesthetized squirrel monkey. Current steps of 5-s duration and short (50 microsecond) shocks were delivered by way of the perilymphatic space of the vestibule. Results were similar regardless of which end organ an afferent innervated. The regularity of discharge of each unit was expressed by a normalized coefficient of variation (CV*). The galvanic sensitivity (beta p) of a unit, measured from its response to current steps, was linearly related to discharge regularity (CV*), there being approximately 20-fold variations in both variables across the afferent population. Various geometric factors--including fiber diameter, position of individual axons within the various nerve branches, and the configuration of unmyelinated processes within the sensory epithelium--are unlikely to have made a major contribution to the positive relation between beta P and CV*. The postspike recovery of electrical excitability was measured as response thresholds to shocks, synchronized to follow naturally occurring impulses at several different delays. Recovery in irregular units was more rapid than in regular units. Evidence is presented that externally applied currents acted at the spike trigger site rather than elsewhere in the sensory transduction process. We argue that the irregular discharge of some vestibular afferents offers no functional advantage in the encoding and transmission of sensory information. Rather, the irregularity of discharge is better viewed as a consequence of the enhanced sensitivity of these units to depolarizing influences, including afferent and efferent synaptic inputs.

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636 citations

"Neurosensory Effects of Transcrania..." refers methods in this paper

...On the basis of previous findings in AC-GVS experiments [18], and because of the 269 possible involvement of the vestibular nerve [27], we anticipated that the strongest 270 sensations of dizziness would occur when stimulating at low frequencies and posterior 271 montages....
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Journal Article•DOI•

A randomized, double-blind clinical trial on the efficacy of cortical direct current stimulation for the treatment of major depression

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Paulo S. Boggio¹, Sergio P. Rigonatti², Rafael Bernardon Ribeiro², Martin L Myczkowski², Michael A. Nitsche³, Alvaro Pascual-Leone⁴, Felipe Fregni⁴ - Show less +3 more•Institutions (4)

Mackenzie Presbyterian University¹, University of São Paulo², University of Göttingen³, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center⁴

01 Mar 2008-The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology

TL;DR: The beneficial effects of tDCS in the DLPFC group persisted for 1 month after the end of treatment, and support further investigation on the effects of this novel potential therapeutic approach - tDCS - for the treatment of major depression.

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Abstract: Preliminary findings suggest that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can have antidepressant effects. We sought to test this further in a parallel-group, double-blind clinical trial with 40 patients with major depression, medication-free randomized into three groups of treatment: anodal tDCS of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (active group - 'DLPFC'); anodal tDCS of the occipital cortex (active control group - 'occipital') and sham tDCS (placebo control group - ' sham'). tDCS was applied for 10 sessions during a 2-wk period. Mood was evaluated by a blinded rater using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The treatment was well tolerated with minimal side-effects that were distributed equally across all treatment groups. We found significantly larger reductions in depression scores after DLPFC tDCS (HDRS reduction of 40.4 % (i25.8 %)) compared to occipital (HDRS reduction of 21.3 % (i12.9 %)) and sham tDCS (HDRS reduction of 10.4 % (i36.6 %)). The beneficial effects of tDCS in the DLPFC group persisted for 1 month after the end of treatment. Our findings support further investigation on the effects of this novel potential therapeutic approach - tDCS - for the treatment of major depression.

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518 citations