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Journal ArticleDOI

New Developments of Ti-Based Alloys for Biomedical Applications

04 Mar 2014-Materials (Materials (Basel))-Vol. 7, Iss: 3, pp 1709-1800
TL;DR: Efforts have been made to reveal the latest scenario of bulk and porous Ti-based materials for biomedical applications, emphasizing their current status, future opportunities and obstacles for expanded applications.
Abstract: Ti-based alloys are finding ever-increasing applications in biomaterials due to their excellent mechanical, physical and biological performance. Nowdays, low modulus β-type Ti-based alloys are still being developed. Meanwhile, porous Ti-based alloys are being developed as an alternative orthopedic implant material, as they can provide good biological fixation through bone tissue ingrowth into the porous network. This paper focuses on recent developments of biomedical Ti-based alloys. It can be divided into four main sections. The first section focuses on the fundamental requirements titanium biomaterial should fulfill and its market and application prospects. This section is followed by discussing basic phases, alloying elements and mechanical properties of low modulus β-type Ti-based alloys. Thermal treatment, grain size, texture and properties in Ti-based alloys and their limitations are dicussed in the third section. Finally, the fourth section reviews the influence of microstructural configurations on mechanical properties of porous Ti-based alloys and all known methods for fabricating porous Ti-based alloys. This section also reviews prospects and challenges of porous Ti-based alloys, emphasizing their current status, future opportunities and obstacles for expanded applications. Overall, efforts have been made to reveal the latest scenario of bulk and porous Ti-based materials for biomedical applications.

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Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Various attempts to improve upon these properties like different processing routes, surface modifications have been inculcated in the paper to provide an insight into the extent of research and effort that has been put into developing a highly superior titanium orthopaedic implant.

711 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reviewed the recent progresses in selective laser melting of titanium alloys and their composites for biomedical applications, especially developing new titanium powder for SLM, and extended attractive progresses in the SLM of all types of titanium, composites and porous structures including Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn and Ti-TiB/TiC composites with focus on the manufacture by SLM and resulting unique microstructure and properties.
Abstract: Titanium materials are ideal targets for selective laser melting (SLM), because they are expensive and difficult to machinery using traditional technologies. After briefly introducing the SLM process and processing factors involved, this paper reviews the recent progresses in SLM of titanium alloys and their composites for biomedical applications, especially developing new titanium powder for SLM. Although the current feedstock titanium powder for SLM is limited to CP-Ti, Ti–6Al–4V, and Ti–6Al–7Nb, this review extends attractive progresses in the SLM of all types of titanium, composites, and porous structures including Ti–24Nb–4Zr–8Sn and Ti–TiB/TiC composites with focus on the manufacture by SLM and resulting unique microstructure and properties (mechanical, wear/corrosion resistance properties).

524 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
Noam Eliaz1
TL;DR: The body environment is analysed in detail and the possible effects of the corrosion of different biomaterials on biocompatibility are discussed, followed by description of the most common corrosion processes in vivo.
Abstract: Metallic biomaterials are used in medical devices in humans more than any other family of materials. The corrosion resistance of an implant material affects its functionality and durability and is a prime factor governing biocompatibility. The fundamental paradigm of metallic biomaterials, except biodegradable metals, has been “the more corrosion resistant, the more biocompatible.” The body environment is harsh and raises several challenges with respect to corrosion control. In this invited review paper, the body environment is analysed in detail and the possible effects of the corrosion of different biomaterials on biocompatibility are discussed. Then, the kinetics of corrosion, passivity, its breakdown and regeneration in vivo are conferred. Next, the mostly used metallic biomaterials and their corrosion performance are reviewed. These biomaterials include stainless steels, cobalt-chromium alloys, titanium and its alloys, Nitinol shape memory alloy, dental amalgams, gold, metallic glasses and biodegradable metals. Then, the principles of implant failure, retrieval and failure analysis are highlighted, followed by description of the most common corrosion processes in vivo. Finally, approaches to control the corrosion of metallic biomaterials are highlighted.

423 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Perhaps the most spectacular and surprising one-dimensional structures and their unique biomedical applications for increased osseointegration, protein interaction and antibacterial properties are focused on.
Abstract: Titanium and titanium alloys exhibit a unique combination of strength and biocompatibility, which enables their use in medical applications and accounts for their extensive use as implant materials in the last 50 years. Currently, a large amount of research is being carried out in order to determine the optimal surface topography for use in bioapplications, and thus the emphasis is on nanotechnology for biomedical applications. It was recently shown that titanium implants with rough surface topography and free energy increase osteoblast adhesion, maturation and subsequent bone formation. Furthermore, the adhesion of different cell lines to the surface of titanium implants is influenced by the surface characteristics of titanium; namely topography, charge distribution and chemistry. The present review article focuses on the specific nanotopography of titanium, i.e. titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanotubes, using a simple electrochemical anodisation method of the metallic substrate and other processes such as the hydrothermal or sol-gel template. One key advantage of using TiO2 nanotubes in cell interactions is based on the fact that TiO2 nanotube morphology is correlated with cell adhesion, spreading, growth and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells, which were shown to be maximally induced on smaller diameter nanotubes (15 nm), but hindered on larger diameter (100 nm) tubes, leading to cell death and apoptosis. Research has supported the significance of nanotopography (TiO2 nanotube diameter) in cell adhesion and cell growth, and suggests that the mechanics of focal adhesion formation are similar among different cell types. As such, the present review will focus on perhaps the most spectacular and surprising one-dimensional structures and their unique biomedical applications for increased osseointegration, protein interaction and antibacterial properties.

395 citations

References
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Book
01 Aug 1988
TL;DR: The linear elasticity of anisotropic cellular solids is studied in this article. But the authors focus on the design of sandwich panels with foam cores and do not consider the properties of the materials.
Abstract: 1. Introduction 2. The structure of cellular solids 3. Material properties 4. The mechanics of honeycombs 5. The mechanics of foams: basic results 6. The mechanics of foams refinements 7. Thermal, electrical and acoustic properties of foams 8. Energy absorption in cellular materials 9. The design of sandwich panels with foam cores 10. Wood 11. Cancellous bone 12. Cork 13. Sources, suppliers and property data Appendix: the linear-elasticity of anisotropic cellular solids.

8,946 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
Steven M. Kurtz1, Kevin L. Ong1, Edmund Lau1, Fionna Mowat1, Michael T. Halpern1 
TL;DR: These large projected increases in demand for total hip and knee arthroplasties provide a quantitative basis for future policy decisions related to the numbers of orthopaedic surgeons needed to perform these procedures and the deployment of appropriate resources to serve this need.
Abstract: Background: Over the past decade, there has been an increase in the number of revision total hip and knee arthroplasties performed in the United States. The purpose of this study was to formulate projections for the number of primary and revision total hip and knee arthroplasties that will be performed in the United States through 2030. Methods: The Nationwide Inpatient Sample (1990 to 2003) was used in conjunction with United States Census Bureau data to quantify primary and revision arthroplasty rates as a function of age, gender, race and/or ethnicity, and census region. Projections were performed with use of Poisson regression on historical procedure rates in combination with population projections from 2005 to 2030. Results: By 2030, the demand for primary total hip arthroplasties is estimated to grow by 174% to 572,000. The demand for primary total knee arthroplasties is projected to grow by 673% to 3.48 million procedures. The demand for hip revision procedures is projected to double by the year 2026, while the demand for knee revisions is expected to double by 2015. Although hip revisions are currently more frequently performed than knee revisions, the demand for knee revisions is expected to surpass the demand for hip revisions after 2007. Overall, total hip and total knee revisions are projected to grow by 137% and 601%, respectively, between 2005 and 2030. Conclusions: These large projected increases in demand for total hip and knee arthroplasties provide a quantitative basis for future policy decisions related to the numbers of orthopaedic surgeons needed to perform these procedures and the deployment of appropriate resources to serve this need.

7,032 citations


"New Developments of Ti-Based Alloys..." refers background in this paper

  • ...The total number of hip revision surgery is expected to increase by 137% and knee revision surgery by 607% between 2005 and 2030 [85]....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: New fabrication techniques, such as solid-free form fabrication, can potentially be used to generate scaffolds with morphological and mechanical properties more selectively designed to meet the specificity of bone-repair needs.

5,470 citations


"New Developments of Ti-Based Alloys..." refers background or methods in this paper

  • ...Although porosity and pore size increase is obviously preferential for new bone ingrowth [37], it should be kept in mind that another consequence of the porosity and pore size increase is reduction of the implant mechanical properties....

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  • ...Additionally, this method can achieve high porosity and good interconnection between pores [297,317], which is beneficial to human bone ingrowth and the vascularization of newly formed tissue [37]....

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  • ...Both porosity and pore size play a critical role in bone ingrowth [37]....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
Akihisa Inoue1
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the stabilization properties of the supercooled liquid for a number of alloys in the Mg-, lanthanide-, Zr-, Ti-, Fe-, Co-, Pd-Cu- and Ni-based systems.

5,173 citations


"New Developments of Ti-Based Alloys..." refers background in this paper

  • ...acceptable mechanical strength, satisfactory biocompatibility, good osseointegration and good corrosion resistance [96]....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The mechanisms of tissue bonding to bioactive ceramics are beginning to be understood, which can result in the molecular design of bioceramics for interfacial bonding with hard and soft tissues.
Abstract: Ceramics used for the repair and reconstruction of diseased or damaged parts of the musculo-skeletal system, termed bioceramics, may be bioinert (alumina, zirconia), resorbable (tricalcium phosphate), bioactive (hydroxyapatite, bioactive glasses, and glass-ceramics), or porous for tissue ingrowth (hydroxyapatite-coated metals, alumina). Applications include replacements for hips, knees, teeth, tendons, and ligaments and repair for periodontal disease, maxillofacial reconstruction, augmentation and stabilization of the jaw bone, spinal fusion, and bone fillers after tumor surgery. Carbon coatings are thromboresistant and are used for prosthetic heart valves. The mechanisms of tissue bonding to bioactive ceramics are beginning to be understood, which can result in the molecular design of bioceramics for interfacial bonding with hard and soft tissues. Composites are being developed with high toughness and elastic modulus match with bone. Therapeutic treatment of cancer has been achieved by localized delivery of radioactive isotopes via glass beads. Development of standard test methods for prediction of long-term (20-year) mechanical reliability under load is still needed.

4,292 citations