New medium for improved recovery of coliform bacteria from drinking water.

doi:10.1128/AEM.45.2.484-492.1983

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New medium for improved recovery of coliform bacteria from drinking water.

Journal Article•DOI•

New medium for improved recovery of coliform bacteria from drinking water.

Mark W. LeChevallier, S C Cameron, Gordon A. McFeters

01 Feb 1983-Applied and Environmental Microbiology (American Society for Microbiology)-Vol. 45, Iss: 2, pp 484-492

TL;DR: The results demonstrate that m-T7 agar is superior to m-Endo agar, especially for the isolation of injured coliforms from drinking water.

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Abstract: A new membrane filter medium was developed for the improved recovery of injured coliforms from drinking water. The new medium, termed m-T7, consists of 5.0 g of Difco Proteose Peptone no. 3, 20 g of lactose, 3.0 g of yeast extract, 0.4 ml of Tergitol 7 (25% solution), 5.0 g of polyoxyethylene ether W-1, 0.1 g of bromthymol blue, 0.1 g of bromcresol purple, and 15 g of agar per liter of distilled water. Additional selectivity may be obtained by aseptically adding 0.1 microgram of penicillin G per ml to the medium after autoclaving. In laboratory studies, m-T7 agar recovered 86 to 99% more laboratory-injured coliforms than did m-Endo agar. m-T7 agar also recovered an average of 43% more verified coliforms from 67 surface and drinking water samples than did the standard m-Endo membrane filter technique. From drinking water, m-T7 agar recovered nearly three times more coliforms than did m-Endo agar. Less than 0.5% of the colonies on m-T7 agar gave false-negative reactions, whereas greater than 70% of the typical yellow colonies from m-T7 agar produced gas in lauryl tryptose broth. Most of the verified coliforms isolated on m-T7 agar belonged to one of the four common coliform genera: Escherichia, 17.6%; Klebsiella, 21.7%; Citrobacter, 17.3%; Enterobacter, 32.2%. The results demonstrate that m-T7 agar is superior to m-Endo agar, especially for the isolation of injured coliforms from drinking water.

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Book Chapter•DOI•

Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality

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Peter Toft, Murugan Malaiyandi, J. R. Hickman

15 Dec 1986

1,017 citations

Cites methods from "New medium for improved recovery of..."

...One significant improvement in the MF technique has been the development of a new medium (m-T7) for the enhanced recovery of stressed coliforms in drinking water (LeChevallier et al., 1983a)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Detection and enumeration of coliforms in drinking water: current methods and emerging approaches

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Annie Rompré¹, Pierre Servais², Julia Baudart¹, Marie Renée de-Roubin, Patrick Laurent¹ - Show less +1 more•Institutions (2)

École Polytechnique¹, Université libre de Bruxelles²

01 Mar 2002-Journal of Microbiological Methods

TL;DR: This review shows that even though many innovative bacterial detection methods have been developed, few have the potential for becoming a standardized method for the detection of coliforms in drinking water samples.

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721 citations

Cites background or methods from "New medium for improved recovery of..."

...Evaluation on routine drinking (LeChevallier et al., 1983; McFeters et al., 1986) and surface (McFeters et al., 1986; Freier and Hartman, 1987) water samples showed higher coliform recovery on the m-T7 medium as compared with that on the m-Endo medium....
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...Some improvements in the method have increased detection of injured coliform bacteria, including the development of m-T7 medium formulated specifically for the recovery of stressed coliforms in drinking water (LeChevallier et al., 1983)....
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...Evaluation on routine drinking (LeChevallier et al., 1983; McFeters et al., 1986) and surface (McFeters et al....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Examination and characterization of distribution system biofilms.

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M W LeChevallier, T M Babcock, R G Lee

01 Dec 1987-Applied and Environmental Microbiology

TL;DR: Investigations concerning the role of distribution system biofilms on water quality were conducted at a drinking water utility in New Jersey, which experienced long-term bacteriological problems in the distribution system, while treatment plant effluents were uniformly negative for coliform bacteria.

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Abstract: Investigations concerning the role of distribution system biofilms on water quality were conducted at a drinking water utility in New Jersey. The utility experienced long-term bacteriological problems in the distribution system, while treatment plant effluents were uniformly negative for coliform bacteria. Results of a monitoring program showed increased coliform levels as the water moved from the treatment plant through the distribution system. Increased coliform densities could not be accounted for by growth of the cells in the water column alone. Identification of coliform bacteria showed that species diversity increased as water flowed through the study area. All materials in the distribution system had high densities of heterotrophic plate count bacteria, while high levels of coliforms were detected only in iron tubercles. Coliform bacteria with the same biochemical profile were found both in distribution system biofilms and in the water column. Assimilable organic carbon determinations showed that carbon levels declined as water flowed through the study area. Maintenance of a 1.0-mg/liter free chlorine residual was insufficient to control coliform occurrences. Flushing and pigging the study area was not an effective control for coliform occurrences in that section. Because coliform bacteria growing in distribution system biofilms may mask the presence of indicator organisms resulting from a true breakdown of treatment barriers, the report recommends that efforts continue to find methods to control growth of coliform bacteria in pipeline biofilms.

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592 citations

Cites methods from "New medium for improved recovery of..."

...In addition to an already accelerated distribution system and treatment plant sample schedule, nearly 800 finished water samples were examined for injured coliforms by using m-T7 agar (17)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Liquid flow in biofilm systems.

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Paul Stoodley¹, Dirk deBeer¹, Zbigniew Lewandowski¹•Institutions (1)

Montana State University¹

01 Aug 1994-Applied and Environmental Microbiology

TL;DR: A model biofilm consisting of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, pseudomonas fluorescens, and Klebsiella pneumoniae was developed to study the relationships between structural heterogeneity and hydrodynamics.

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Abstract: A model biofilm consisting of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Klebsiella pneumoniae was developed to study the relationships between structural heterogeneity and hydrodynamics. Local fluid velocity in the biofilm system was measured by a noninvasive method of particle image velocimetry, using confocal scanning laser microscopy. Velocity profiles were measured in conduit and porous medium reactors in the presence and absence of biofilm. Liquid flow was observed within biofilm channels; simultaneous imaging of the biofilm allowed the liquid velocity to be related to the physical structure of the biofilm.

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425 citations

Cites background or methods from "New medium for improved recovery of..."

...The organisms were identified and enumerated by plating them on MT7 agar without penicillin (11)K pneumoniae colonies were relatively large and turned the agar yellow because of acid production; P....
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...were prepared and plated in triplicate onto MT7 agar without penicillin (11)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Current and Past Strategies for Bacterial Culture in Clinical Microbiology

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Jean-Christophe Lagier¹, Sophie Edouard¹, Isabelle Pagnier¹, Oleg Mediannikov¹, Michel Drancourt¹, Didier Raoult¹ - Show less +2 more•Institutions (1)

Aix-Marseille University¹

01 Jan 2015-Clinical Microbiology Reviews

TL;DR: The development of axenic media for the culture of Treponema pallidum or Mycobacterium leprae remains an important challenge that the patience and innovations of cultivators will enable them to overcome.

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Abstract: A pure bacterial culture remains essential for the study of its virulence, its antibiotic susceptibility, and its genome sequence in order to facilitate the understanding and treatment of caused diseases. The first culture conditions empirically varied incubation time, nutrients, atmosphere, and temperature; culture was then gradually abandoned in favor of molecular methods. The rebirth of culture in clinical microbiology was prompted by microbiologists specializing in intracellular bacteria. The shell vial procedure allowed the culture of new species of Rickettsia. The design of axenic media for growing fastidious bacteria such as Tropheryma whipplei and Coxiella burnetii and the ability of amoebal coculture to discover new bacteria constituted major advances. Strong efforts associating optimized culture media, detection methods, and a microaerophilic atmosphere allowed a dramatic decrease of the time of Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture. The use of a new versatile medium allowed an extension of the repertoire of archaea. Finally, to optimize the culture of anaerobes in routine bacteriology laboratories, the addition of antioxidants in culture media under an aerobic atmosphere allowed the growth of strictly anaerobic species. Nevertheless, among usual bacterial pathogens, the development of axenic media for the culture of Treponema pallidum or Mycobacterium leprae remains an important challenge that the patience and innovations of cultivators will enable them to overcome.

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350 citations

Cites background from "New medium for improved recovery of..."

...Antiseptics, such as bromocresol purple, were used previously in agar culture media to select Enterobacteriaceae in particular, with different uses, such as the isolation of injured coliforms from drinking water (28)....
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...Finally, the first cell culture of R. felis was performed, using XTC2 cells obtained from Xenopus laevis oocytes growing at 28°C, which were usually used for arboviruses (39, 40)....
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...TABLE 4 The most susceptible cells line used for the culture of intracellular bacteriaa Bacterium Cell line(s) (culture temp [°C]) Reference(s)Mammalian Arthropod Fish and amphibian C. burnetii HEL, Vero (35) Ixodes scapularis cell line-IDE8 (34) 196, 336 Spotted fever group Rickettsia L929, Vero (32) Dermacentor sp. cell lines DAE3 and DALBE3 (34); Ixodes scapularis cell line ISE6 (34); Aedes albopictus cell linesAa23, AeAl2, C7/10, and C6/36 (22–32); Anopheles gambiae cell line Sua5B (22–25) 212, 305, 306, 335, 338, 344, 348 Typhus group Rickettsia L929, Vero (35) Aedes albopictus cell line AeAl2 (28 212, 349 Rickettsia felis Vero (32) Ixodes scapularis cell line ISE6 (32), Aedes albopictus cell lines Aa23 and C6/36 (22–25), Anopheles gambiae cell line Sua5B (22–25) XTC (28) 40, 329, 337, 338, 340, 345 Orientia tsutsugamushi L929 (32) 308 Anaplasma phagocytophilum HL60 (37) Ixodes scapularis cell lines ISE6 and IDE8 (34) 319–321, 335, 341 Ehrlichia chaffeensis DH82 (37) Ixodes scapularis cell line ISE6 (34) 315, 316, 335 Ehrlichia canis DH82 (37) Ixodes scapularis cell line ISE6/IDE8 (34) Ixodes ricinus cell line IRE/CTVM18 (34) 315, 316, 318, 335 Wolbachia pipientis HEL (28 and 37) Aedes albopictus cell lines Aa23 and C6/36 (26 –28) 37, 346, 347 Tropheryma whipplei MRC5, HEL (35) 309, 310 Chlamydia trachomatis McCoy, HeLa 229 (35) 322, 324 Chlamydia pneumoniae HL, HEp-2 (35) 323, 326 a Shown are the most susceptible cell lines from mammals, arthropods, fish and amphibians used for culturing of intracellular bacteria, including C. burnetii, Rickettsia spp., Ehrlichia spp., T. whipplei, Chlamydia spp., and Anaplasma spp. January 2015 Volume 28 Number 1 cmr.asm.org 223Clinical Microbiology Reviews Tropheryma whipplei....
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...line Sua5B (22–25) XTC (28) 40, 329, 337, 338,...
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...Thus, the culture of R. felis has been credited to Raoult et al. (40), who cultivated this bacterium with success in an amphibian cell line derived from Xenopus laevis (XTC2) after 6 days of incubation at 28°C....
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References

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Journal Article•DOI•

Survival of Coliform Bacteria in Natural Waters: Field and Laboratory Studies with Membrane-Filter Chambers

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Gordon A. McFeters¹, David G. Stuart¹•Institutions (1)

Montana State University¹

01 Nov 1972-Applied and Environmental Microbiology

TL;DR: When the survival of a water-isolated fecal coliform bacterium was examined in two adjacent mountain streams, it was found that the organism persisted longer in Bozeman Creek than in Middle Creek, and may be a reflection of the water chemistry because the concentration of inorganic constituents of the former was greater.

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Abstract: Chambers with membrane-filter side walls were designed for studies of the survival of coliform bacteria in natural and artificial waters. Experiments were carried out in the field and in the laboratory. The initial uptake rate of inorganic ions, total carbon, and glucose into the chamber was greater than twice as fast as the accumulation of each into dialysis tubing. When the survival of a water-isolated fecal coliform bacterium was examined in two adjacent mountain streams, it was found that the organism persisted longer in Bozeman Creek than in Middle Creek. These data may be a reflection of the water chemistry because the concentration of inorganic constituents of the former was greater. Laboratory studies of the survival of a fecal coliform bacterium in artificial and natural water with continuous flow were used to determine the effect of chemical composition, temperature, and pH. The relation of this type of data to the use of fecal coliform bacteria as indicators of health hazard in water is discussed.

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350 citations

"New medium for improved recovery of..." refers background or methods in this paper

...In addition, the medium specified for use with the MF technique, m-Endo agar or mEndo LES agar, has several shortcomings, including: (i) low recoveries of injured coliforms (13, 31-33); (ii) poor detection and differentiation of coliforms from noncoliforms (13, 14, 39); and (iii) uncertainty about the availability of high-quality basic fuchsin (E....
[...]
...ter cloacae, or Citrobacter freundii (10' colony-forming units/ml) in diffusion chambers (33) that were immersed in Bozeman chlorinated drinking water, as previously published (6, 31-33, 43, 45)....
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...However, factors such as turbidity (16, 19, 22, 28), high numbers of noncoliform bacteria (9, 10, 19, 21, 24, 29, 42, 43), and membrane filter type (33, 41) may severely influence the sensitivity of the procedure....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Effect of sunlight on survival of indicator bacteria in seawater.

[...]

R. S. Fujioka, H. H. Hashimoto, E. B. Siwak, R. H. F. Young

01 Mar 1981-Applied and Environmental Microbiology

TL;DR: It is shown that sewage-borne bacteria were relatively resistant to the bactericidal effect of sunlight when diluted in fresh mountain stream waters, suggesting that the visible rather than the ultraviolet light spectrum of sunlight was primarily responsible for the observed bactericidaleffect.

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Abstract: The stability of the natural populations of fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci in raw sewage diluted 1:1,000 in seawater or phosphate-buffered water at 24 +/- 2 degrees C was markedly affected by the absence or presence of sunlight. In the absence of sunlight, these bacteria survived for days, whereas in the presence of sunlight 90% of the fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci were inactivated within 30 to 90 min and 60 to 180 min, respectively. The bactericidal effect of sunlight was shown to penetrate glass, translucent polyethylene, and at least 3.3 m of clear seawater, suggesting that the visible rather than the ultraviolet light spectrum of sunlight was primarily responsible for the observed bactericidal effect. However, these same sewage-borne bacteria were relatively resistant to the bactericidal effect of sunlight when diluted in fresh mountain stream waters. These results indicate that the presence of sunlight is a major factor controlling the survival of fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci in seawater.

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323 citations

"New medium for improved recovery of..." refers background in this paper

...Coliforms in the environment may be stressed by exposure to a variety of factors, including chlorine and other disinfectants, heat, freezing, acid mine drainage, transition metals, sunlight, and UV light (2, 5, 6, 17, 23)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Effect of turbidity on chlorination efficiency and bacterial persistence in drinking water.

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M W LeChevallier, T M Evans, Ramon J. Seidler

01 Jul 1981-Applied and Environmental Microbiology

TL;DR: The results justify maximum contaminant levels for turbidity in water entering a distribution system as stated in the National Primary Drinking Water Regulations of the Safe Drinking Water Act.

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Abstract: To define interrelationships between elevated turbidities and the efficiency of chlorination in drinking water, experiments were performed to measure bacterial survival, chlorine demand, and interference with microbiological determinations. Experiments were conducted on the surface water supplies for communities which practice chlorination as the only treatment. Therefore, the conclusions of this study apply only to such systems. Results indicated that disinfection efficiency (log10 of the decrease in coliform numbers) was negatively correlated with turbidity and was influenced by season, chlorine demand of the samples, and the initial coliform level. Total organic carbon was found to be associated with turbidity and was shown to interfere with maintenance of a free chlorine residual by creating a chlorine demand. Interference with coliform detection in turbid waters could be demonstrated by the recovery of typical coliforms from apparently negative filters. The incidence of coliform masking in the membrane filter technique was found to increase as the turbidity of the chlorinated samples increased. the magnitude of coliform masking in the membrane filter technique increased from less than 1 coliform per 100 ml in water samples of less than 5 nephelometric turbidity units to greater than 1 coliform per 100 ml in water samples of greater than 5 nephelometric turbidity units. Statistical models were developed to predict the impact of turbidity on drinking water quality. The results justify maximum contaminant levels for turbidity in water entering a distribution system as stated in the National Primary Drinking Water Regulations of the Safe Drinking Water Act. Images

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292 citations

"New medium for improved recovery of..." refers background in this paper

...However, factors such as turbidity (16, 19, 22, 28), high numbers of noncoliform bacteria (9, 10, 19, 21, 24, 29, 42, 43), and membrane filter type (33, 41) may severely influence the sensitivity of the procedure....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Enumeration and characterization of standard plate count bacteria in chlorinated and raw water supplies.

[...]

M W LeChevallier, Ramon J. Seidler, T M Evans

01 Nov 1980-Applied and Environmental Microbiology

TL;DR: Identification of bacterial populations before and after contact with chlorine (1 to 2 mg/liter) for 1 h revealed that chlorination selected for gram-positive bacteria.

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Abstract: Nearly 700 standard plate count (SPC) bacteria were isolated from drinking water and untreated surface water and identified according to a scheme developed to permit the rapid, simple classification of microorganisms to genus, species, or group. Actinomycetes and Aeromonas species were the two most common groups of SPC bacteria in chlorinated distribution water. Aeromonas spp. and Enterobacter agglomerans were the two most common groups of SPC bacteria in raw water. Identification of bacterial populations before and after contact with chlorine (1 to 2 mg/liter) for 1 h revealed that chlorination selected for gram-positive bacteria. Water that contained high densities of bacteria known to be antagonistic to coliforms had low coliform isolation rates. The membrane filtration technique for enumerating SPC bacteria recovered significantly higher numbers (P

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273 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Comparative survival of indicator bacteria and enteric pathogens in well water.

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Gordon A. McFeters¹, G. K. Bissonnette¹, James J. Jezeski¹, Carole A. Thomson¹, David G. Stuart¹ - Show less +1 more•Institutions (1)

Montana State University¹

01 May 1974-Applied and Environmental Microbiology

TL;DR: The natural populations of indicator bacteria from human and elk fecal material declined similarly to the pure cultures tested, whereas the die-off of fecal streptococci exceeded the coliforms from bovine fecalMaterial.

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Abstract: The comparative survival of various fecal indicator bacteria and enteric pathogens was studied in a stable well water supply by using membrane chambers There was more variation in the 29 coliform cultures and they died more rapidly, as a group, than the 20 enterococcus cultures that were examined The comparative survival of the organisms tested follows: Aeromonas sp > the shigellae (Shigella flexneri, S sonnei, and S dysenteriae) > fecal streptococci > coliforms = some salmonellae (Salmonella enteritidis ser paratyphi A and D, S enteritidis ser typhimurium) > Streptococcus equinus > Vibrio cholerae > Salmonella typhi > Streptococcus bovis > Salmonella enteritidis ser paratyphi B S bovis had a more rapid die-off than did S equinus, but both had significantly shorter half-lives than the other streptococci The natural populations of indicator bacteria from human and elk fecal material declined similarly to the pure cultures tested, whereas the die-off of fecal streptococci exceeded the coliforms from bovine fecal material

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270 citations

"New medium for improved recovery of..." refers background or methods in this paper

...extent of injured coliforms in drinking water is largely unknown, although some reports estimate that coliforms in aquatic environments are recovered with efficiencies of 10%o or less (6, 13, 31, 32)....
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...In addition, the medium specified for use with the MF technique, m-Endo agar or mEndo LES agar, has several shortcomings, including: (i) low recoveries of injured coliforms (13, 31-33); (ii) poor detection and differentiation of coliforms from noncoliforms (13, 14, 39); and (iii) uncertainty about the availability of high-quality basic fuchsin (E....
[...]
...ter cloacae, or Citrobacter freundii (10' colony-forming units/ml) in diffusion chambers (33) that were immersed in Bozeman chlorinated drinking water, as previously published (6, 31-33, 43, 45)....
[...]