New Technique for Measuring Low-Temperature Properties of Asphalt Binders with Small Amounts of Material
01 Jan 2010-Transportation Research Record (Transportation Research Board of the National Academies)-Vol. 2179, Iss: 2179, pp 23-28
TL;DR: In this article, a new technique using 4-mm parallel plates on a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) with machine compliance corrections was developed to measure low-temperature properties of asphalts.
Abstract: A new technique, which uses 4-mm parallel plates on a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) with machine compliance corrections, was developed to measure low-temperature properties of asphalts. Good results have been achieved at test temperatures as low as -40°C. The test method requires only about 25 mg of material instead of 15 g for the bending beam rheometer (BBR). Also, no specimen premolding is needed, and a relatively low temperature (60°C to 70°C) is required to load the samples into the measuring system. The key to the new technique is correction for errors due to machine compliance. Two types of machine compliance correction were applied to the dynamic frequency sweep data in this work. The following areas were investigated: effects of machine compliance on the measured low-temperature properties, reproducibility of data, consistency among data collected on different sizes of plates after machine compliance corrections, and comparison between the corrected data from DSR and converted BBR data. Results s...
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TL;DR: In this article, an alternate mechanical test to the bending beam rheometer (BBR) was proposed to determine low-temperature PG using 4mm-diameter parallel plates on a dynamic shear rheometry (DSR) and includes a correction for machine compliance.
Abstract: Mechanical measurements on asphalt binders to determine the performance grade of the low-temperature specification are typically carried out with a bending beam rheometer (BBR). The BBR test requires considerable material to fabricate a specimen (approximately 15 g per beam). The relatively large amount of asphalt binder required for the BBR limits its applications. The BBR is difficult to apply to extracted asphalt binder or to other situations in which there is a limited amount of binder, for example, residue from emulsions. This paper proposes an alternate mechanical test to the BBR to determine low-temperature PG. Only approximately 25 mg of asphalt binder are required to perform a test. The test employs 4-mm-diameter parallel plates on a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) and includes a correction for machine compliance. This correction allows testing to -40°C. A low-temperature specification from the 4-mm rheometry is suggested by the establishment of a correlation between BBR creep stiffness data and DS...
97 citations
References
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TL;DR: The effects of platen diameter/geometry on the glycerol dynamic moduli are examined, a means to correct dynamic data is described, a revised comparison of the corrected data with that of Schroter and Donth is presented, and a discussion of future work is provided.
Abstract: A recent article by Shi et al. [J. Chem. Phys.123, 174507 (2005)] reports results from mechanical measurements on three simple inorganic glass formers: glycerol, m-toluidine, and sucrose benzoate. The experiments carried out were stress relaxation, aging, and dynamic (all in shear) using a torsional rheometer, an advanced rheometric expansion system (TA Instruments). The original force rebalance transducer (2KFRT) supplied with the system was replaced with a custom-made load cell (Sensotec) that had a capacity of 20000gcm in torque and 5000g in normal force. The replacement of the load cell was done due to the belief that the main source of compliance in this instrument was from the 2KFRT. With this assumption, the authors published their results for the three materials of interest and compared their results with the techniques of Schroter and Donth [J. Chem. Phys.113, 9101 (2000)] for the measurements on glycerol and reported important differences. These differences were disputed by one of the present au...
94 citations
"New Technique for Measuring Low-Tem..." refers background or methods or result in this paper
...(3) developed a method to accurately measure the machine compliance of their ARES (TA Instruments) with a Sensotec transducer, tools, and disposable plates....
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...(3) for machine compliance corrections may work well and enables comparison of the data collected on the DSR with other data measured from other experimental techniques....
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...Machine compliance can lead to huge errors when measuring material properties near the glassy regime of a material (2, 3)....
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TL;DR: A major purpose of the present work is to alert the community to possible problems in modulus values and relaxation functions obtained for a large number of materials for which rotary rheometers were used in a range where material stiffness was comparable to the rheometer stiffness.
Abstract: Determination of the mechanical response of materials can be fraught with error if rheometer compliance is not properly taken into account. The resulting inaccuracies in the determined mechanical properties of the materials of interest can result in mistakes in material modeling, design, and theory. In the present work, we build on our previous report [K. Schroter, S. A. Hutcheson, X. Shi, A. Mandanici, and G. B. McKenna, J. Chem. Phys. 125, 214507 (2006)] and investigate the effects of instrument compliance that result from use of a commercial rotary rheometer and its fixtures on the determination of the dynamic shear and stress relaxation responses of glycerol, m-toluidine, and sucrose benzoate near to the glass transition regime. We revisit the procedure for compliance corrections presented in earlier work and correct dynamic shear data for these materials. We also present a new correction procedure to obtain shear stress relaxation curves from data that was obtained using this instrument. In addition, we broaden our consideration of compliance effects to materials, such as polymer melts, that have lower moduli than the simple glass formers previously considered. We discuss the possible errors for the viscoelastic response of glass-forming liquids and polymer melts or rubber networks that have been reported in the literature. A major purpose of the present work is to alert the community to possible problems in modulus values and relaxation functions obtained for a large number of materials for which rotary rheometers were used in a range where material stiffness (modulus and geometry effects) was comparable to the rheometer stiffness. Finally, we include recommendations for both experimental protocol and instrument design to avoid, minimize, or correct for compliance effects.
89 citations
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01 Aug 2000
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the nature and family of materials processing and structure of solid materials properties, degradation and failure of materials metallic materials polymeric materials ceramic materials composite materials electronic related materials.
Abstract: Engineering materials technology nature and family of materials processing and structure of solid materials properties, degradation and failure of materials metallic materials polymeric materials ceramic materials composite materials electronic related materials.
27 citations
"New Technique for Measuring Low-Tem..." refers background in this paper
...The literature reported for Gn of aluminum is 26 GPa (5)....
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10 citations
"New Technique for Measuring Low-Tem..." refers background in this paper
...Machine compliance can lead to huge errors when measuring material properties near the glassy regime of a material (2, 3)....
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