New Zealand coastal system boundaries, connections and management
TL;DR: In this article, case studies representing two very different New Zealand systems: embayed sand beaches in eastern and western open-coast settings; and mixed sand and gravel coast river-mouth lagoons.
Abstract: Understanding coastal boundaries, connections and drivers of landscape change is integral to effective coastal planning and management. This concept is explored here through case studies representing two very different New Zealand systems: embayed sand beaches in eastern and western open-coast settings; and mixed sand and gravel coast river-mouth lagoons. When framed within a resource and environmental management context these studies indicate that national recognition of the dynamic and interactive nature of coastal environments is a relatively new and amorphous phenomenon in New Zealand and, as such, has been ineffective in driving integrated regional management practices and sustainable coastal outcomes.
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TL;DR: A review of the state of local understanding of higher sea levels and regions for further study and new methods of analysis to understand the nature of sea-level change in New Zealand is presented in this article.
Abstract: Understanding past sea levels is essential to respond to the challenges of climate change. In the Pacific and Tasman, sea level has been up to 1.5 m higher during the mid-Holocene, similar to the predictions of some global warming models. Within New Zealand the knowledge of sea-level movements, especially during the recent past is poor, with the last major investigation being conducted 20.years ago. This paper reviews the state of local understanding of higher sea levels and suggests regions for further study and new methods of analysis to understand the nature of sea-level change in New Zealand. © 2008 The Authors Journal compilation © 2008 New Zealand Geographical Society.
27 citations
Cites background from "New Zealand coastal system boundari..."
...This, combined with rapidly increasing human populations in the coastal zone (Hart & Bryan 2008), places more infrastructure at risk from these hazards....
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...This, combined with rapidly increasing human populations in the coastal zone ( Hart & Bryan 2008 ), places more infrastructure at risk from these hazards....
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TL;DR: In this article, a conceptual model is developed to assist integration between physical geographical sciences, institutional frameworks and management in the context of coastal wetlands, which facilitates integration of physical geographical (biophysical) information into the legislative, planning, policy and management process.
Abstract: We have developed a conceptual model to assist integration between physical geographical sciences, institutional frameworks and management in the context of coastal wetlands. Wetlands are key interconnected systems that will respond early to climate change and especially to associated sea-level changes. A major constraint on management of wetlands is the lack of congruence between the ecosystems and the institutional frameworks that govern their management: connectivity in coastal systems is overlain by institutional fragmentation. We introduce a model that facilitates integration of physical geographical (biophysical) information into the legislative, planning, policy and management process. It consists of interconnected parallel subprojects in science and in planning with strong cross-links with stakeholders at all levels, founded on long-term and trusting relationships. We also show progress that has been made in applying the model, with an Australian example. It is concluded that the approach has potential to move towards the goal of sustainable management but that it urgently needs to evolve, so as to meet the challenges of climate and associated changes.
27 citations
Cites background or methods from "New Zealand coastal system boundari..."
...This paper aims to address the urgent need identified by Hart and Bryan (2008)....
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...This has been demonstrated in the Queensland context by Low Choy (2002, 2003, 2007) and, for New Zealand, by Hart and Bryan (2008)....
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...Finally, the concept provides a framework that can help address the ‘urgent need’ for integration in the coastal zone as identified by Hart and Bryan (2008) and enhance intercommunication between players as Gibbons et al. (2008) stressed....
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...Hart and Bryan (2008), in their case studies of New Zealand coastal systems, identified the need for an integrated approach to managing connected coastal systems....
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...They concluded that ‘there is an urgent need for more scientific-research effort to be focussed on coastal boundaries and connections while managers need to implement multi-region strategies’ (Hart and Bryan, 2008: 141)....
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TL;DR: The question of whether GISc is a science is revisited, applying the ideas formulated within the philosophy of science on the demarcation problem and the conclusion drawn is that GISC can indeed be considered a science.
Abstract: This article was motivated by a senior biologist calling a junior GIScientist's bluff, when she attempted to wave the flag for GISc Geographic Information Science. Whether GISc is a science is a long-standing debate, and one that continuously resurfaces within the literature and within the everyday lives of a GIScientist; not least those that have senior biologists poking fun at their discipline. It is ever pertinent in the face of changing disciplinary boundaries, be they mergers of departments or shifts from departments to research groups and of changes in research funding regimes. Despite a number of previous articles, there is scope for further discussion, bringing that argument closer to a much larger and longer standing debate in science, that of the demarcation problem. The purpose of this article is to revisit the question of whether GISc is a science, applying the ideas formulated within the philosophy of science on the demarcation problem. The conclusion drawn is that GISc can indeed be considered a science.
26 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is used to decompose data on the coupled morphodynamics of the shoreline and nearshore sandbar of a typical single-barred embayed beach.
Abstract: A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is used to decompose data on the coupled morphodynamics of the shoreline and nearshore sandbar of a typical single-barred embayed beach (Tairua Beach, New Zealand). Dynamic patterns are classified into simultaneous modes, where the bar and shoreline move at the same time, and non-simultaneous modes, where the shore moves independently from the bar, and vice versa. Two simultaneous modes accounting for 65 % of the variance of the shoreline and barline dominate the system. One mode describes inverse shoreline and sandbar cross-shore migrations (alongshore-averaged), occurring with simultaneous rotations in the same direction. The other mode accounts for migration in the same direction accompanied by variations of the barline curvature (similar to 'breathing modes' previously described in embayed beach shoreline modelling studies). Two non-simultaneous modes of lesser importance account separately for independent shoreline and barline rotations (10 to 15 % of the variance explained). A PCA applied to the shore and sandbar behaviours modelled by four standard equilibrium models simulating shore and sandbar cross-shore migrations and rotations show that these are interrelated because of a correlation between wave energy and direction. Shore and bar rotations are coupled partially because the shape of the bay induces a correlation of their respective drivers, the wave angle of incidence and the alongshore gradient of wave energy. However this correlation depends on the wave energy. This, in combination with different shore and sandbar response times (quantified using the models), also explains the independent rotations reflected by the non-simultaneous modes.
26 citations
TL;DR: In this article, video observations of depth-limited wave-breaking patterns at an ebb-tidal delta on the energetic west coast of New Zealand at Raglan were used to identify geomorphic features over a 5-year period.
22 citations
References
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Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors combine the updated Gridded Population of the World (GPW2) population distribution estimate for 1990 and lighted settlement imagery with a global digital elevation model (DEM) and a high resolution vector coastline.
Abstract: Recent improvements in mapping of global population distribution makes it possible to estimate the number and distribution of people near coasts with greater accuracy than previously possible, and hence consider the potential exposure of these populations to coastal hazards. In this paper, we combine the updated Gridded Population of the World (GPW2) population distribution estimate for 1990 and lighted settlement imagery with a global digital elevation model (DEM) and a high resolution vector coastline. This produces bivariate distributions of population, lighted settlements and land area as functions of elevation and coastal proximity. The near-coastal population within 100 km of a shoreline and 100 m of sea level was estimated as 1.2 X 10(9) people with average densities nearly 3 times higher than the global average density. Within the near coastal-zone, the average population density diminishes more rapidly with elevation than with distance, while the opposite is true of lighted settlements. Lighted settlements are concentrated within 5 km of coastlines worldwide, whereas average population densities are higher at elevations below 20 m throughout the 100 km width of the near-coastal zone. Presently most of the near-coastal population live in relatively densely-populated rural areas and small to medium cities, rather than in large cities. A range of improvements are required to define a better baseline and scenarios for policy analysis. Improving the resolution of the underlying population data is a priority.
1,404 citations
"New Zealand coastal system boundari..." refers background in this paper
...Parts of this area below 100 m elevation were home to an estimated quarter of the world’s population in 1990, with densities around three times the global average or 112 people per square kilometre ( Small & Nicholls 2003 )....
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Book•
01 Jun 2003
TL;DR: In this article, the morphodynamics of the five main types of coastal environments and the issue of coastal management and erosion are examined, and the morphodynamic properties of these five types of environments are discussed.
Abstract: Coastal systems sea level tides waves sediments, boundary layers and transport fluvial-dominated coastal environments - deltas tide-dominated coastal environments - estuaries wave-dominated coastal environments - barriers rocky coasts coral reefs and islands management of coastal erosion. An introduction to the environments and processes that occur along the world's coastlines, this title addresses generic concepts and common global issues. It examines the morphodynamics of the five main types of coastal environments and considers the issue of coastal management and erosion.
307 citations
05 Jan 1995
TL;DR: In this article, van de Plassche et al. introduce the concept of wave-dominated coasts and the Morphodynamics of coastal evolution, and discuss the evolution of tectonic shorelines.
Abstract: Foreword O. van de Plassche 1. Coastal evolution: an introduction R. W. G. Carter and C. D. Woodroffe 2. Morphodynamics of coastal evolution P. Cowell and B. Thom 3. Deltaic coasts J. Suter 4. Wave-dominated coasts P. Roy, P. Cowell, M. Ferland and B. Thom 5. Macrotidal estuaries J. Chappell and C. D. Woodroffe 6. Lagoons and microtidal coasts J. A. G. Cooper 7. Coral atolls R. McLean and C. D. Woodroffe 8. Continental shelf reef systems D. Hopley 9. Arctic coastal plain shorelines P. Hill, P. Barnes, A. Hequette and M. H. Ruz 10. Paraglacial coasts D. Forbes and J. Syvitski 11. Coastal cliffs and platforms G. Giggs and A. Trenhaile 12. Evolution of tectonic shorelines P. Pirazzoli 13. Developed coasts K. Nordstrom Index.
295 citations