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Proceedings ArticleDOI

Next century challenges: mobile networking for “Smart Dust”

TL;DR: This work reviews the key elements of the emergent technology of “Smart Dust” and outlines the research challenges they present to the mobile networking and systems community, which must provide coherent connectivity to large numbers of mobile network nodes co-located within a small volume.
Abstract: Large-scale networks of wireless sensors are becoming an active topic of research. Advances in hardware technology and engineering design have led to dramatic reductions in size, power consumption and cost for digital circuitry, wireless communications and Micro ElectroMechanical Systems (MEMS). This has enabled very compact, autonomous and mobile nodes, each containing one or more sensors, computation and communication capabilities, and a power supply. The missing ingredient is the networking and applications layers needed to harness this revolutionary capability into a complete system. We review the key elements of the emergent technology of “Smart Dust” and outline the research challenges they present to the mobile networking and systems community, which must provide coherent connectivity to large numbers of mobile network nodes co-located within a small volume.

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Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The concept of sensor networks which has been made viable by the convergence of micro-electro-mechanical systems technology, wireless communications and digital electronics is described.

17,936 citations


Cites background from "Next century challenges: mobile net..."

  • ...They allow end users to manage home devices locally and remotely more easily....

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  • ...These nodes must [42] • consume extremely low power, • operate in high volumetric densities, • have low production cost and be dispensable, • be autonomous and operate unattended, • be adaptive to the environment....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The current state of the art of sensor networks is captured in this article, where solutions are discussed under their related protocol stack layer sections.
Abstract: The advancement in wireless communications and electronics has enabled the development of low-cost sensor networks. The sensor networks can be used for various application areas (e.g., health, military, home). For different application areas, there are different technical issues that researchers are currently resolving. The current state of the art of sensor networks is captured in this article, where solutions are discussed under their related protocol stack layer sections. This article also points out the open research issues and intends to spark new interests and developments in this field.

14,048 citations


Cites background from "Next century challenges: mobile net..."

  • ...These nodes must [ 7 ] consume extremely low power, operate in high volumetric densities, have low production cost, be dispensable and autonomous, operate unattended, and be adaptive to the environment....

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  • ...Smart Dust [ 7 ] Laser communication from a cubic millimeter....

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  • ...Another interesting development is that of the Smart Dust mote [ 7 ], which is an autonomous sensing, computing, and communication system that uses the optical medium for transmission....

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  • ...WINS [6] Distributed network and Internet access to sensors, http://www.janet.ucla.edu/WINS/ controls, and processors. SPINS [ 7 ] Data dissemination protocols....

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Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Aug 2000
TL;DR: Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing is presented, a novel routing protocol for wireless datagram networks that uses the positions of routers and a packet's destination to make packet forwarding decisions and its scalability on densely deployed wireless networks is demonstrated.
Abstract: We present Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR), a novel routing protocol for wireless datagram networks that uses the positions of routers and a packet's destination to make packet forwarding decisions. GPSR makes greedy forwarding decisions using only information about a router's immediate neighbors in the network topology. When a packet reaches a region where greedy forwarding is impossible, the algorithm recovers by routing around the perimeter of the region. By keeping state only about the local topology, GPSR scales better in per-router state than shortest-path and ad-hoc routing protocols as the number of network destinations increases. Under mobility's frequent topology changes, GPSR can use local topology information to find correct new routes quickly. We describe the GPSR protocol, and use extensive simulation of mobile wireless networks to compare its performance with that of Dynamic Source Routing. Our simulations demonstrate GPSR's scalability on densely deployed wireless networks.

7,384 citations

Amin Vahdat1
01 Jan 2000
TL;DR: This work introduces Epidemic Routing, where random pair-wise exchanges of messages among mobile hosts ensure eventual message delivery and achieves eventual delivery of 100% of messages with reasonable aggregate resource consumption in a number of interesting scenarios.
Abstract: Mobile ad hoc routing protocols allow nodes with wireless adaptors to communicate with one another without any pre-existing network infrastructure. Existing ad hoc routing protocols, while robust to rapidly changing network topology, assume the presence of a connected path from source to destination. Given power limitations, the advent of short-range wireless networks, and the wide physical conditions over which ad hoc networks must be deployed, in some scenarios it is likely that this assumption is invalid. In this work, we develop techniques to deliver messages in the case where there is never a connected path from source to destination or when a network partition exists at the time a message is originated. To this end, we introduce Epidemic Routing, where random pair-wise exchanges of messages among mobile hosts ensure eventual message delivery. The goals of Epidemic Routing are to: i) maximize message delivery rate, ii) minimize message latency, and iii) minimize the total resources consumed in message delivery. Through an implementation in the Monarch simulator, we show that Epidemic Routing achieves eventual delivery of 100% of messages with reasonable aggregate resource consumption in a number of interesting scenarios.

4,355 citations


Cites background from "Next century challenges: mobile net..."

  • ...Smart Dust: Related to the previous example, a recent proposal [20] describes challenges in networks comprised of Micro-electrical Mechanical Sensors (MEMS)....

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Proceedings ArticleDOI
18 Nov 2002
TL;DR: A key-management scheme designed to satisfy both operational and security requirements of DSNs is presented, which relies on probabilistic key sharing among the nodes of a random graph and uses simple protocols for shared-key discovery and path-key establishment, and for key revocation, re-keying, and incremental addition of nodes.
Abstract: Distributed Sensor Networks (DSNs) are ad-hoc mobile networks that include sensor nodes with limited computation and communication capabilities. DSNs are dynamic in the sense that they allow addition and deletion of sensor nodes after deployment to grow the network or replace failing and unreliable nodes. DSNs may be deployed in hostile areas where communication is monitored and nodes are subject to capture and surreptitious use by an adversary. Hence DSNs require cryptographic protection of communications, sensor-capture detection, key revocation and sensor disabling. In this paper, we present a key-management scheme designed to satisfy both operational and security requirements of DSNs. The scheme includes selective distribution and revocation of keys to sensor nodes as well as node re-keying without substantial computation and communication capabilities. It relies on probabilistic key sharing among the nodes of a random graph and uses simple protocols for shared-key discovery and path-key establishment, and for key revocation, re-keying, and incremental addition of nodes. The security and network connectivity characteristics supported by the key-management scheme are discussed and simulation experiments presented.

3,900 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: The algorithms are described and illustrated how the PRNET provides highly reliable network transport and datagram service, by dynamically determining optimal routes, effectively controlling congestion, and fairly allocating the channel in the face of changing link conditions, mobility, and varying traffic loads.
Abstract: In this paper we describe the current state of the DARPA packet radio network. Fully automated algorithms and protocols to organize, control, maintain, and move traffic through the packet radio network have been designed, implemented, and tested. By means of protocols, networks of about 50 packet radios with some degree of nodal mobility can be organized and maintained under a fully distributed mode of control. We have described the algorithms and illustrated how the PRNET provides highly reliable network transport and datagram service, by dynamically determining optimal routes, effectively controlling congestion, and fairly allocating the channel in the face of changing link conditions, mobility, and varying traffic loads.

889 citations

Book
01 Feb 1995
TL;DR: The Diamond Age as discussed by the authors is a major novel from one of the most visionary writers of our time, with a protagonist who breaks the rigorous moral code of his tribe, the powerful Neo-Victorians, by making an illicit copy of a state-of-the-art interactive device called a young lady's illustrated primer.
Abstract: Decades into our future, a brilliant nanotechnologist named John Percival Hackworth has just broken the rigorous moral code of his tribe, the powerful Neo-Victorians He's made an illicit copy of a state-of-the-art interactive device called a young lady's illustrated primer, designed to raise a girl capable of thinking for herself Unfortunately, for Hackworth, he loses his smuggled copy to a gang of street urchins in a mugging One of the young thugs presents the primer to his little sister, Nell and suddenly her life - and perhaps the whole future of humanity - is about to be decoded and reprogrammedvividly imagined, stunningly prophetic, and epic in scope, "The Diamond Age" is a major novel from one of the most visionary writers of our time

119 citations


"Next century challenges: mobile net..." refers background in this paper

  • ...At least o popular science fiction book has articulated just such vision [12]....

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Proceedings ArticleDOI
16 Jun 1997-Sensors
TL;DR: Capacitive interface circuits for micromachined sensors are described, focusing on the position sense electronics for accelerometers and gyroscopes.
Abstract: Capacitive interface circuits for micromachined sensors are described The focus is on the position sense electronics for accelerometers and gyroscopes Special attention is given to the characteristics of the interface between the sensor and electronic circuits, and on practical and fundamental noise mechanisms that limit the achievable resolution

76 citations


"Next century challenges: mobile net..." refers background in this paper

  • ...One possible improvement is to make use of emerging MEMS technology for on-board inertial navigation circuits [1] to make sensors more aware of near neighbors even as they drift out of line-of-sight of the BTS....

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Journal Article
TL;DR: In this paper, surface micromachined corner cube reflectors made of 250 /spl mu/m square hinged polysilicon plates have been demonstrated to transmit digital signals over a range of 2 meters by reflecting an interrogating 5 mW laser.
Abstract: Surface micromachined corner cube reflectors made of 250 /spl mu/m square hinged polysilicon plates have been demonstrated to transmit digital signals over a range of 2 meters by reflecting an interrogating 5 mW laser. Measured reflectance ranges from 34% to 77% for different mirror designs. Divergence of light reflected by CCR ranges from 15-35 mrad. The CCRs are electrostatically actuated with 10 to 20 V. The highest data rate transmitted with a CCR is 1 Kbps.

68 citations

Proceedings ArticleDOI
26 Jan 1997
TL;DR: Surface micromachined corner cube reflectors made of 250 /spl mu/m square hinged polysilicon plates have been demonstrated to transmit digital signals over a range of 2 meters by reflecting an interrogating 5 mW laser.
Abstract: Surface micromachined corner cube reflectors made of 250 /spl mu/m square hinged polysilicon plates have been demonstrated to transmit digital signals over a range of 2 meters by reflecting an interrogating 5 mW laser. Measured reflectance ranges from 34% to 77% for different mirror designs. Divergence of light reflected by CCR ranges from 15-35 mrad. The CCRs are electrostatically actuated with 10 to 20 V. The highest data rate transmitted with a CCR is 1 Kbps.

65 citations


"Next century challenges: mobile net..." refers background or methods in this paper

  • ...Using a microfabricated CCR, Chu and Pister have demonstrated data transmission at a bit rate up to 1 kilobit per second, and over a range up to 150 meters, using a 5-milliwatt illuminating laser [2]....

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  • ...optical signal reflected from the device (taken from [2])....

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