NeXt generation/dynamic spectrum access/cognitive radio wireless networks: a survey

doi:10.1016/J.COMNET.2006.05.001

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NeXt generation/dynamic spectrum access/cognitive radio wireless networks: a survey

Journal Article•DOI•

NeXt generation/dynamic spectrum access/cognitive radio wireless networks: a survey

Ian F. Akyildiz¹, Won-Yeol Lee¹, Mehmet C. Vuran¹, Shantidev Mohanty¹•Institutions (1)

Georgia Institute of Technology¹

15 Sep 2006-Computer Networks (Elsevier)-Vol. 50, Iss: 13, pp 2127-2159

TL;DR: The novel functionalities and current research challenges of the xG networks are explained in detail, and a brief overview of the cognitive radio technology is provided and the xg network architecture is introduced.

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About: This article is published in Computer Networks.The article was published on 2006-09-15. It has received 6608 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Spectrum management & Cognitive radio.

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Journal Article•DOI•

A survey of spectrum sensing algorithms for cognitive radio applications

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T. Yucek, Huseyin Arslan¹•Institutions (1)

University of South Florida¹

01 Jan 2009-IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials

TL;DR: In this paper, a survey of spectrum sensing methodologies for cognitive radio is presented and the cooperative sensing concept and its various forms are explained.

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Abstract: The spectrum sensing problem has gained new aspects with cognitive radio and opportunistic spectrum access concepts. It is one of the most challenging issues in cognitive radio systems. In this paper, a survey of spectrum sensing methodologies for cognitive radio is presented. Various aspects of spectrum sensing problem are studied from a cognitive radio perspective and multi-dimensional spectrum sensing concept is introduced. Challenges associated with spectrum sensing are given and enabling spectrum sensing methods are reviewed. The paper explains the cooperative sensing concept and its various forms. External sensing algorithms and other alternative sensing methods are discussed. Furthermore, statistical modeling of network traffic and utilization of these models for prediction of primary user behavior is studied. Finally, sensing features of some current wireless standards are given.

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4,812 citations

Cites background from "NeXt generation/dynamic spectrum ac..."

...In the former case, cooperation can be implemented in two fashions: centralized or distributed [107]....
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Journal Article•DOI•

A survey on wireless multimedia sensor networks

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Ian F. Akyildiz¹, Tommaso Melodia¹, Kaushik R. Chowdhury¹•Institutions (1)

Georgia Institute of Technology¹

01 Mar 2007-Computer Networks

TL;DR: Existing solutions and open research issues at the application, transport, network, link, and physical layers of the communication protocol stack are investigated, along with possible cross-layer synergies and optimizations.

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2,311 citations

Cites background from "NeXt generation/dynamic spectrum ac..."

...• A promising research direction may also be to integrate UWB with advanced cognitive radio [21] techniques to increase the spectrum utilization....
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...• Recently, the cognitive radio paradigm [21,55] has drawn significant interest in which the radio is aware of its surroundings, learns from it and...
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Journal Article•DOI•

Cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks: A survey

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Ian F. Akyildiz¹, Brandon F. Lo¹, Ravikumar Balakrishnan¹•Institutions (1)

Georgia Institute of Technology¹

01 Mar 2011-Physical Communication

TL;DR: The state-of-the-art survey of cooperative sensing is provided to address the issues of cooperation method, cooperative gain, and cooperation overhead.

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1,800 citations

Cites background from "NeXt generation/dynamic spectrum ac..."

...…Brandon F. Lo ∗, Ravikumar Balakrishnan Broadband Wireless Networking Laboratory, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, United States a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Received 18 November 2010 Accepted 11 December 2010 Available…...
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...All rights reserved....
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Journal Article•DOI•

A survey on spectrum management in cognitive radio networks

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Ian F. Akyildiz¹, Won-Yeol Lee¹, Mehmet C. Vuran¹, S. Mohanty¹•Institutions (1)

Georgia Institute of Technology¹

01 Apr 2008-IEEE Communications Magazine

TL;DR: Recent developments and open research issues in spectrum management in CR networks are presented and four main challenges of spectrum management are discussed: spectrum sensing, spectrum decision, spectrum sharing, and spectrum mobility.

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Abstract: Cognitive radio networks will provide high bandwidth to mobile users via heterogeneous wireless architectures and dynamic spectrum access techniques. However, CR networks impose challenges due to the fluctuating nature of the available spectrum, as well as the diverse QoS requirements of various applications. Spectrum management functions can address these challenges for the realization of this new network paradigm. To provide a better understanding of CR networks, this article presents recent developments and open research issues in spectrum management in CR networks. More specifically, the discussion is focused on the development of CR networks that require no modification of existing networks. First, a brief overview of cognitive radio and the CR network architecture is provided. Then four main challenges of spectrum management are discussed: spectrum sensing, spectrum decision, spectrum sharing, and spectrum mobility.

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1,722 citations

Cites background from "NeXt generation/dynamic spectrum ac..."

...In order to address these challenges, each CR user in the CR network must: • Determine which portions of the spectrum are available • Select the best available channel • Coordinate access to this channel with other users • Vacate the channel when a licensed user is detected [2] These capabilities can be realized through spectrum management functions that address four main challenges: spectrum sensing, spectrum decision, spectrum sharing, and spectrum mobility....
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Journal Article•DOI•

CRAHNs: Cognitive radio ad hoc networks

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Ian F. Akyildiz¹, Won-Yeol Lee¹, Kaushik R. Chowdhury¹•Institutions (1)

Georgia Institute of Technology¹

01 Jul 2009

TL;DR: In this article, spectrum management functionalities such as spectrum sensing, spectrum sharing and spectrum decision, and spectrum mobility are introduced from the viewpoint of a network requiring distributed coordination, and a particular emphasis is given to distributed coordination between CR users through the establishment of a common control channel.

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Abstract: Cognitive radio (CR) technology is envisaged to solve the problems in wireless networks resulting from the limited available spectrum and the inefficiency in the spectrum usage by exploiting the existing wireless spectrum opportunistically. CR networks, equipped with the intrinsic capabilities of the cognitive radio, will provide an ultimate spectrum-aware communication paradigm in wireless communications. CR networks, however, impose unique challenges due to the high fluctuation in the available spectrum as well as diverse quality-of-service (QoS) requirements. Specifically, in cognitive radio ad hoc networks (CRAHNs), the distributed multi-hop architecture, the dynamic network topology, and the time and location varying spectrum availability are some of the key distinguishing factors. In this paper, intrinsic properties and current research challenges of the CRAHNs are presented. First, novel spectrum management functionalities such as spectrum sensing, spectrum sharing, and spectrum decision, and spectrum mobility are introduced from the viewpoint of a network requiring distributed coordination. A particular emphasis is given to distributed coordination between CR users through the establishment of a common control channel. Moreover, the influence of these functions on the performance of the upper layer protocols, such as the network layer, and transport layer protocols are investigated and open research issues in these areas are also outlined. Finally, a new direction called the commons model is explained, where CRAHN users may independently regulate their own operation based on pre-decided spectrum etiquette.

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1,334 citations

Cites background from "NeXt generation/dynamic spectrum ac..."

...If primary networks have an infrastructure support, the operations of the PUs are controlled through primary base stations....
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...The cognitive radio enables the usage of temporarily unused spectrum, which is referred to as spectrum hole or white space [32]....
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...A particular emphasis is given to distributed coordination between CR users through the establishment of a common control channel....
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...All rights reserved....
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References

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Journal Article•DOI•

Cognitive radio: brain-empowered wireless communications

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Simon Haykin¹•Institutions (1)

McMaster University¹

07 Feb 2005-IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications

TL;DR: Following the discussion of interference temperature as a new metric for the quantification and management of interference, the paper addresses three fundamental cognitive tasks: radio-scene analysis, channel-state estimation and predictive modeling, and the emergent behavior of cognitive radio.

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Abstract: Cognitive radio is viewed as a novel approach for improving the utilization of a precious natural resource: the radio electromagnetic spectrum. The cognitive radio, built on a software-defined radio, is defined as an intelligent wireless communication system that is aware of its environment and uses the methodology of understanding-by-building to learn from the environment and adapt to statistical variations in the input stimuli, with two primary objectives in mind: /spl middot/ highly reliable communication whenever and wherever needed; /spl middot/ efficient utilization of the radio spectrum. Following the discussion of interference temperature as a new metric for the quantification and management of interference, the paper addresses three fundamental cognitive tasks. 1) Radio-scene analysis. 2) Channel-state estimation and predictive modeling. 3) Transmit-power control and dynamic spectrum management. This work also discusses the emergent behavior of cognitive radio.

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12,172 citations

"NeXt generation/dynamic spectrum ac..." refers background in this paper

...E-mail addresses: ian@ece.gatech.edu (I.F. Akyildiz), wylee@ ece.gatech.edu (W.-Y. Lee), mcvuran@ece.gatech.edu (M.C. Vuran), shanti@ece.gatech.edu (S. Mohanty). is regulated by governmental agencies and is assigned to license holders or services on a long term basis for large geographical regions....
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...…spectrum can be improved through opportunistic access to the licensed bands without interfering with the existing users. xG networks, however, impose several research challenges due to the broad range of available spectrum as well as diverse Quality-of-Service (QoS) requirements of applications....
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...Each component can be reconfigured via a control bus itive radio transceiver and (b) wideband RF/analog front-end to adapt to the time-varying RF environment....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Wireless mesh networks: a survey

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Ian F. Akyildiz¹, Xudong Wang, Weilin Wang•Institutions (1)

Georgia Institute of Technology¹

15 Mar 2005-Computer Networks

TL;DR: This paper presents a detailed study on recent advances and open research issues in WMNs, followed by discussing the critical factors influencing protocol design and exploring the state-of-the-art protocols for WMNs.

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4,205 citations

"NeXt generation/dynamic spectrum ac..." refers background in this paper

...The xG network functions are explained in the following sections according to this classification....
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Cognitive Radio An Integrated Agent Architecture for Software Defined Radio

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Joseph Mitola

01 Jan 2000

TL;DR: This article briefly reviews the basic concepts about cognitive radio CR, and the need for software-defined radios is underlined and the most important notions used for such.

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Abstract: An Integrated Agent Architecture for Software Defined Radio. Rapid-prototype cognitive radio, CR1, was developed to apply these.The modern software defined radio has been called the heart of a cognitive radio. Cognitive radio: an integrated agent architecture for software defined radio. Http:bwrc.eecs.berkeley.eduResearchMCMACR White paper final1.pdf. The cognitive radio, built on a software-defined radio, assumes. Radio: An Integrated Agent Architecture for Software Defined Radio, Ph.D. The need for software-defined radios is underlined and the most important notions used for such. Mitola III, Cognitive radio: an integrated agent architecture for software defined radio, Ph.D. This results in the set-theoretic ontology of radio knowledge defined in the. Cognitive Radio An Integrated Agent Architecture for Software.This article first briefly reviews the basic concepts about cognitive radio CR. Cognitive Radio-An Integrated Agent Architecture for Software Defined Radio. Cognitive Radio RHMZ 2007. Software-defined radio SDR idea 1. Cognitive radio: An integrated agent architecture for software.Cognitive Radio SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIO, AND ADAPTIVE WIRELESS SYSTEMS2 Cognitive Networks. 3 Joseph Mitola III, Cognitive Radio: An Integrated Agent Architecture for Software Defined Radio Stockholm.

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3,814 citations

"NeXt generation/dynamic spectrum ac..." refers background in this paper

...Dynamic spectrum access is proposed to solve these current spectrum inefficiency problems....
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...Each component can be reconfigured via a control bus itive radio transceiver and (b) wideband RF/analog front-end to adapt to the time-varying RF environment....
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Proceedings Article•DOI•

Implementation issues in spectrum sensing for cognitive radios

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Danijela Cabric¹, S.M. Mishra¹, Robert W. Brodersen¹•Institutions (1)

University of California, Berkeley¹

07 Nov 2004

TL;DR: To improve radio sensitivity of the sensing function through processing gain, three digital signal processing techniques are investigated: matched filtering, energy detection and cyclostationary feature detection.

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Abstract: There are new system implementation challenges involved in the design of cognitive radios, which have both the ability to sense the spectral environment and the flexibility to adapt transmission parameters to maximize system capacity while coexisting with legacy wireless networks. The critical design problem is the need to process multigigahertz wide bandwidth and reliably detect presence of primary users. This places severe requirements on sensitivity, linearity and dynamic range of the circuitry in the RF front-end. To improve radio sensitivity of the sensing function through processing gain we investigated three digital signal processing techniques: matched filtering, energy detection and cyclostationary feature detection. Our analysis shows that cyclostationary feature detection has advantages due to its ability to differentiate modulated signals, interference and noise in low signal to noise ratios. In addition, to further improve the sensing reliability, the advantage of a MAC protocol that exploits cooperation among many cognitive users is investigated.

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2,806 citations

"NeXt generation/dynamic spectrum ac..." refers background or methods in this paper

...From this definition, two main characteristics of the cognitive radio can be defined [27,58]: • Cognitive capability: Cognitive capability refers to the ability of the radio technology to capture or sense the information from its radio environment....
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...Thus, the cognitive radio should have capability to determine if a signal from primary transmitter is locally present in a certain spectrum....
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...In the following subsections, we describe the physical architecture, cognitive functions and reconfigurability capabilities of the cognitive radio technology....
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...The cognitive radio concept was first introduced in [45,46], where the main focus was on the radio knowledge representation language (RKRL) and how the cognitive radio can enhance the flexibility of personal wireless services....
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Journal Article•DOI•

On the Energy Detection of Unknown Signals Over Fading Channels

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F.F. Digham¹, Mohamed-Slim Alouini², Marvin K. Simon³•Institutions (3)

University of Minnesota¹, Texas A&M University², California Institute of Technology³

15 Jan 2007-IEEE Transactions on Communications

TL;DR: This letter addresses the problem of energy detection of an unknown signal over a multipath channel with the no-diversity case, and presents some alternative closed-form expressions for the probability of detection to those recently reported in the literature.

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Abstract: This letter addresses the problem of energy detection of an unknown signal over a multipath channel. It starts with the no-diversity case, and presents some alternative closed-form expressions for the probability of detection to those recently reported in the literature. Detection capability is boosted by implementing both square-law combining and square-law selection diversity schemes

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2,610 citations

"NeXt generation/dynamic spectrum ac..." refers background in this paper

...In reality, however, it is difficult for a cognitive radio to have a direct measurement of a channel between a primary receiver and a transmitter....
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