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Journal ArticleDOI

NMDA receptor-dependent switching between different gamma rhythm-generating microcircuits in entorhinal cortex

TL;DR: The two different gamma frequencies matched the different intrinsic frequencies in hippocampal areas CA3 and CA1, suggesting that NMDA receptor activation may control the nature of temporal interactions between mEC and hippocampus, thus influencing the pathway for information transfer between the two regions.
Abstract: Local circuits in the medial entorhinal cortex (mEC) and hippocampus generate gamma frequency population rhythms independently. Temporal interaction between these areas at gamma frequencies is implicated in memory—a phenomenon linked to activity of NMDA-subtype glutamate receptors. While blockade of NMDA receptors does not affect frequency of gamma rhythms in hippocampus, it exposes a second, lower frequency (25–35 Hz) gamma rhythm in mEC. In experiment and model, NMDA receptor-dependent mEC gamma rhythms were mediated by basket interneurons, but NMDA receptor-independent gamma rhythms were mediated by a novel interneuron subtype—the goblet cell. This cell was distinct from basket cells in morphology, intrinsic membrane properties and synaptic inputs. The two different gamma frequencies matched the different intrinsic frequencies in hippocampal areas CA3 and CA1, suggesting that NMDA receptor activation may control the nature of temporal interactions between mEC and hippocampus, thus influencing the pathway for information transfer between the two regions.

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Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The use of SγO as a natural model for hippocampal gamma oscillations, particularly during less activated behavioural states is advocated, indicating that endogenous adenosine and/or endocannabinoids suppress or prevent Sγo in vitro.
Abstract: Neuronal synchronization at gamma frequency, implicated in cognition, can be evoked in hippocampal slices by pharmacological activation. We characterized spontaneous small-amplitude gamma oscillations (SgammaO) recorded in area CA3 of mouse hippocampal slices and compared it with kainate-induced gamma oscillations (KgammaO). SgammaO had a lower peak frequency, a more sinusoidal waveform and was spatially less coherent than KgammaO, irrespective of oscillation amplitude. CA3a had the smallest oscillation power, phase-led CA3c by approximately 4 ms and had the highest SgammaO frequency in isolated subslices. During SgammaO CA3c neurons fired at the rebound of inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) that were associated with a current source in stratum lucidum, whereas CA3a neurons often fired from spikelets, 3-4 ms earlier in the cycle, and had smaller IPSPs. Kainate induced faster/larger IPSPs that were associated with an earlier current source in stratum pyramidale. SgammaO and KgammaO power were dependent on alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors, gap junctions and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)(A) receptors. SgammaO was suppressed by elevating extracellular KCl, blocking N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors or muscarinic receptors, or activating GluR5-containing kainate receptors. SgammaO was not affected by blocking metabotropic glutamate receptors or hyperpolarization-activated currents. The adenosine A(1) receptor antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethoxyxanthine (8-CPT) and the CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonist N-(piperidin-1-yl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide (AM251) increased SgammaO power, indicating that endogenous adenosine and/or endocannabinoids suppress or prevent SgammaO in vitro. SgammaO emerges from a similar basic network as KgammaO, but differs in involvement of somatically projecting interneurons and pharmacological modulation profile. These observations advocate the use of SgammaO as a natural model for hippocampal gamma oscillations, particularly during less activated behavioural states.

34 citations


Cites background from "NMDA receptor-dependent switching b..."

  • ...The increase in frequency suggests that kainate changes the local microcircuit underlying gamma oscillations, reminiscent to that reported in the entorhinal cortex (Middleton et al., 2008)....

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  • ...Local network oscillation characteristics differ between models, depending on the involvement of different subsets of interneurons (Hajos et al., 2004; Palhalmi et al., 2004; Brown et al., 2006; Middleton et al., 2008) and different contributions of recurrent excitation (Bartos et al., 2007)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used a multitiered approach to address two questions on the interactions between the anterior cingulate cortex and the parahippocampal cortices in the rhesus monkey.

33 citations


Cites background from "NMDA receptor-dependent switching b..."

  • ...…play in the generation of gamma oscillations (30–100 Hz) within sensory cortices, MTL and related regions (Tamas et al., 2004; Fuchs et al., 2007; Klausberger and Somogyi, 2008; Middleton et al, 2008; Mann and Mody, 2010; Ellender and Paulsen, 2010; Otte et al., 2010; see Wang, 2010 for review)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The data suggest that under pathophysiological condition interneurons are plastic resulting in the attenuation of high frequency network oscillations in favor of low frequency network activity.

32 citations


Cites background from "NMDA receptor-dependent switching b..."

  • ...…unique interneurons target specific pyramidal cell compartments (somatic or dendritic) that differentially participate in network oscillations in hippocampal area (Chapman and Lacaille, 1999; Maccaferri and McBain, 1996; Pike et al., 2000) and in entorhinal cortex (Middleton et al., 2008)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is argued that non-structural changes are important in the development of abnormal dynamics within the networks known to be relevant to each disorder, and focuses on the role of changes in GABAergic function within microcircuits, stressing literature within the last few years.

32 citations


Cites background from "NMDA receptor-dependent switching b..."

  • ...This has been seen in primary auditory and visual cortices as well as parietal regions [50], and is particularly marked in entorhinal cortex in animal models [51]....

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  • ...These plastic changes, and in certain areas the very gamma rhythm that may control STDP in the first place, are all dependent on NMDA receptor function [51,54,55]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
04 Nov 2010-PLOS ONE
TL;DR: It is shown that recurrently connected minimal networks of SCs exhibit abrupt, threshold-like transition between theta and hyper-excitable firing frequencies as the result of small changes in the maximal synaptic (AMPAergic) conductance.
Abstract: Recent studies have shown that stellate cells (SCs) of the medial entorhinal cortex become hyper-excitable in animal models of temporal lobe epilepsy. These studies have also demonstrated the existence of recurrent connections among SCs, reduced levels of recurrent inhibition in epileptic networks as compared to control ones, and comparable levels of recurrent excitation among SCs in both network types. In this work, we investigate the biophysical and dynamic mechanism of generation of the fast time scale corresponding to hyper-excitable firing and the transition between theta and fast firing frequency activity in SCs. We show that recurrently connected minimal networks of SCs exhibit abrupt, threshold-like transition between theta and hyper-excitable firing frequencies as the result of small changes in the maximal synaptic (AMPAergic) conductance. The threshold required for this transition is modulated by synaptic inhibition. Similar abrupt transition between firing frequency regimes can be observed in single, self-coupled SCs, which represent a network of recurrently coupled neurons synchronized in phase, but not in synaptically isolated SCs as the result of changes in the levels of the tonic drive. Using dynamical systems tools (phase-space analysis), we explain the dynamic mechanism underlying the genesis of the fast time scale and the abrupt transition between firing frequency regimes, their dependence on the intrinsic SC's currents and synaptic excitation. This abrupt transition is mechanistically different from others observed in similar networks with different cell types. Most notably, there is no bistability involved. ‘In vitro’ experiments using single SCs self-coupled with dynamic clamp show the abrupt transition between firing frequency regimes, and demonstrate that our theoretical predictions are not an artifact of the model. In addition, these experiments show that high-frequency firing is burst-like with a duration modulated by an M-current.

27 citations


Cites background from "NMDA receptor-dependent switching b..."

  • ...Modeling work has contributed to the understanding of the mechanism of generation of theta rhythmic subthreshold oscillations and spiking patterns [4,9–11,33] in single SCs, and in small networks including SCs and interneurons [8,10,11,37]....

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  • ...The natural frequency of the IC was set to *25 Hz [37]....

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References
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Journal ArticleDOI
15 Sep 2006-Science
TL;DR: The results indicate that transient coupling between low- and high-frequency brain rhythms coordinates activity in distributed cortical areas, providing a mechanism for effective communication during cognitive processing in humans.
Abstract: We observed robust coupling between the high- and low-frequency bands of ongoing electrical activity in the human brain. In particular, the phase of the low-frequency theta (4 to 8 hertz) rhythm modulates power in the high gamma (80 to 150 hertz) band of the electrocorticogram, with stronger modulation occurring at higher theta amplitudes. Furthermore, different behavioral tasks evoke distinct patterns of theta/high gamma coupling across the cortex. The results indicate that transient coupling between low- and high-frequency brain rhythms coordinates activity in distributed cortical areas, providing a mechanism for effective communication during cognitive processing in humans.

2,404 citations


"NMDA receptor-dependent switching b..." refers background in this paper

  • ...This mechanism can underlie gamma rhythms in a broad range of frequencies from around 20 Hz up to 70 Hz in the hippocampus (8) but cannot support higher frequencies such as those labeled as ‘‘high gamma’’ previously (9)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
16 Feb 1995-Nature
TL;DR: It is proposed that interneuron network oscillations, in conjunction with intrinsic membrane resonances and long-loop (such as thalamocortical) interactions, contribute to 40-Hz rhythms in vivo.
Abstract: Partially synchronous 40-Hz oscillations of cortical neurons have been implicated in cognitive function. Specifically, coherence of these oscillations between different parts of the cortex may provide conjunctive properties to solve the 'binding problem': associating features detected by the cortex into unified perceived objects. Here we report an emergent 40-Hz oscillation in networks of inhibitory neurons connected by synapses using GABAA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) receptors in slices of rat hippocampus and neocortex. These network inhibitory postsynaptic potential oscillations occur in response to the activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors. The oscillations can entrain pyramidal cell discharges. The oscillation frequency is determined both by the net excitation of interneurons and by the kinetics of the inhibitory postsynaptic potentials between them. We propose that interneuron network oscillations, in conjunction with intrinsic membrane resonances and long-loop (such as thalamocortical) interactions, contribute to 40-Hz rhythms in vivo.

1,625 citations


"NMDA receptor-dependent switching b..." refers background in this paper

  • ...The basic mechanism of generation of population gamma rhythms by local neuronal circuits reveals an absolute dependence on the influence of fast spiking inhibitory interneurons at the level of principal cell somata (5, 6),with the frequency dependent on the magnitude and kinetics of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABAA) receptor-mediated synaptic events (7)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
Anatol Bragin1, G. Jandó1, Zoltan Nadasdy1, J Hetke1, K Wise1, György Buzsáki1 
TL;DR: It is suggested that gamma oscillation emerges from an interaction between intrinsic oscillatory properties of interneurons and the network properties of the dentate gyrus and that Gamma oscillation in the CA3-CA1 circuitry is suppressed by either the hilar region or the entorhinal cortex.
Abstract: The cellular generation and spatial distribution of gamma frequency (40-100 Hz) activity was examined in the hippocampus of the awake rat. Field potentials and unit activity were recorded by multiple site silicon probes (5- and 16-site shanks) and wire electrode arrays. Gamma waves were highly coherent along the long axis of the dentate hilus, but average coherence decreased rapidly in the CA3 and CA1 directions. Analysis of short epochs revealed large fluctuations in coherence values between the dentate and CA1 gamma waves. Current source density analysis revealed large sinks and sources in the dentate gyrus with spatial distribution similar to the dipoles evoked by stimulation of the perforant path. The frequency changes of gamma and theta waves positively correlated (40-100 Hz and 5-10 Hz, respectively). Putative interneurons in the dentate gyrus discharged at gamma frequency and were phase-locked to the ascending part of the gamma waves recorded from the hilus. Following bilateral lesion of the entorhinal cortex the power and frequency of hilar gamma activity significantly decreased or disappeared. Instead, a large amplitude but slower gamma pattern (25-50 Hz) emerged in the CA3-CA1 network. We suggest that gamma oscillation emerges from an interaction between intrinsic oscillatory properties of interneurons and the network properties of the dentate gyrus. We also hypothesize that under physiological conditions the hilar gamma oscillation may be entrained by the entorhinal rhythm and that gamma oscillation in the CA3-CA1 circuitry is suppressed by either the hilar region or the entorhinal cortex.

1,529 citations


"NMDA receptor-dependent switching b..." refers background in this paper

  • ...For example, removal of entorhinal cortex in vivo produces a slower gamma rhythm (39), whose origins appear to be in area CA3 (40)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
23 Jan 2003-Neuron
TL;DR: This work examines the generation of gamma oscillation currents in the hippocampus, using two-dimensional, 96-site silicon probes and identifies two gamma generators, one in the dentate gyrus and another in the CA3-CA1 regions.

985 citations


"NMDA receptor-dependent switching b..." refers background in this paper

  • ...For example, removal of entorhinal cortex in vivo produces a slower gamma rhythm (39), whose origins appear to be in area CA3 (40)....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
21 Mar 2008-Science
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used high-resolution (1.5-millimeter isotropic voxels) functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure brain activity during incidental memory encoding.
Abstract: Pattern separation, the process of transforming similar representations or memories into highly dissimilar, nonoverlapping representations, is a key component of many functions ascribed to the hippocampus. Computational models have stressed the role of the hippocampus and, in particular, the dentate gyrus and its projections into the CA3 subregion in pattern separation. We used high-resolution (1.5-millimeter isotropic voxels) functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure brain activity during incidental memory encoding. Although activity consistent with a bias toward pattern completion was observed in CA1, the subiculum, and the entorhinal and parahippocampal cortices, activity consistent with a strong bias toward pattern separation was observed in, and limited to, the CA3/dentate gyrus. These results provide compelling evidence of a key role of the human CA3/dentate gyrus in pattern separation.

899 citations