Noise Evolution and Analysis of long Repeated/Regenerated IMDD Links
27 Jan 2021-pp 1588-1593
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the theoretical performance differences between all regenerators and repeaters and highlighted the advantages of all regenerator link over all repeaters link over repeaters ones.
Abstract: Long haul optical links provides the backbone for most of today's communication and the Internet in general The throughput of an optical link witnessed a major breakthrough with the advent of optical amplifiers in the early 1990s These optical amplifiers with their large bandwidth facilitated the introduction of Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) and a bandwidth explosion followed Though they provide good gain and large bandwidth, all while keeping the information in optical domain; optical amplifiers do add noise of its own to the data, which when cascaded over long distances starts to limit the link length Optical-Electrical-Optical (OEO) regenerators are used to clean and regenerate the signal but are expensive and adds potential delays in the link In this paper we investigates their theoretical performance differences and highlights the advantages of all regenerators link over all repeaters ones We undertake this analytical study to investigate the absolute theoretical gains of implementing an all regenerator link which is to serve as a baseline, or a precursor, for further investigations on the advantages of all optical regenerative link Here we derive the performance limits of an all regenerator systems and compare it with its amplifier/repeater counterparts Noise evolution in all repeater links and BER accumulation for both are illustrated We illustrate general optical link BER curves and compare all repeater/regenerator link performances against input power for single and multiple hops We also translate the BER advantage of all regenerator link to longer link reaches or lower power requirements The later is repeated for different target BER too
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01 Jan 1992TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an overview of the main components of WDM lightwave communication systems, including the following: 1.1 Geometrical-Optics Description, 2.2 Wave Propagation, 3.3 Dispersion in Single-Mode Fibers, 4.4 Dispersion-Induced Limitations.
Abstract: Preface. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Historical Perspective. 1.2 Basic Concepts. 1.3 Optical Communication Systems. 1.4 Lightwave System Components. Problems. References. 2 Optical Fibers. 2.1 Geometrical-Optics Description. 2.2 Wave Propagation. 2.3 Dispersion in Single-Mode Fibers. 2.4 Dispersion-Induced Limitations. 2.5 Fiber Losses. 2.6 Nonlinear Optical Effects. 2.7 Fiber Design and Fabrication. Problems. References. 3 Optical Transmitters. 3.1 Semiconductor Laser Physics. 3.2 Single-Mode Semiconductor Lasers. 3.3 Laser Characteristics. 3.4 Optical Signal Generation. 3.5 Light-Emitting Diodes. 3.6 Transmitter Design. Problems. References. 4 Optical Receivers. 4.1 Basic Concepts. 4.2 Common Photodetectors. 4.3 Receiver Design. 4.4 Receiver Noise. 4.5 Coherent Detection. 4.6 Receiver Sensitivity. 4.7 Sensitivity Degradation. 4.8 Receiver Performance. Problems. References. 5 Lightwave Systems. 5.1 System Architectures. 5.2 Design Guidelines. 5.3 Long-Haul Systems. 5.4 Sources of Power Penalty. 5.5 Forward Error Correction. 5.6 Computer-Aided Design. Problems. References. 6 Multichannel Systems. 6.1 WDM Lightwave Systems. 6.2 WDM Components. 6.3 System Performance Issues. 6.4 Time-Division Multiplexing. 6.5 Subcarrier Multiplexing. 6.6 Code-Division Multiplexing. Problems. References. 7 Loss Management. 7.1 Compensation of Fiber Losses. 7.2 Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers. 7.3 Raman Amplifiers. 7.4 Optical Signal-To-Noise Ratio. 7.5 Electrical Signal-To-Noise Ratio. 7.6 Receiver Sensitivity and Q Factor. 7.7 Role of Dispersive and Nonlinear Effects. 7.8 Periodically Amplified Lightwave Systems. Problems. References. 8 Dispersion Management. 8.1 Dispersion Problem and Its Solution. 8.2 Dispersion-Compensating Fibers. 8.3 Fiber Bragg Gratings. 8.4 Dispersion-Equalizing Filters. 8.5 Optical Phase Conjugation. 8.6 Channels at High Bit Rates. 8.7 Electronic Dispersion Compensation. Problems. References. 9 Control of Nonlinear Effects. 9.1 Impact of Fiber Nonlinearity. 9.2 Solitons in Optical Fibers. 9.3 Dispersion-Managed Solitons. 9.4 Pseudo-linear Lightwave Systems. 9.5 Control of Intrachannel Nonlinear Effects. Problems. References. 10 Advanced Lightwave Systems. 10.1 Advanced Modulation Formats. 10.2 Demodulation Schemes. 10.3 Shot Noise and Bit-Error Rate. 10.4 Sensitivity Degradation Mechanisms. 10.5 Impact of Nonlinear Effects. 10.6 Recent Progress. 10.7 Ultimate Channel Capacity. Problems. References. 11 Optical Signal Processing. 11.1 Nonlinear Techniques and Devices. 11.2 All-Optical Flip-Flops. 11.3 Wavelength Converters. 11.4 Ultrafast Optical Switching. 11.5 Optical Regenerators. Problems. References. A System of Units. B Acronyms. C General Formula for Pulse Broadening. D Software Package.
4,125 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a simplified analysis of noise in concatenated nonlinear analog optoelectronic repeaters is conducted, and it is shown that the bit error rate (BER) accumulation can be reduced significantly compared to a linear scheme, even with a partial nonlinearity.
Abstract: A simplified analysis of noise in concatenated nonlinear analog optoelectronic repeaters is conducted. We investigate different shapes of the nonlinearity and show that the bit-error-rate (BER) accumulation can be reduced significantly compared to a linear scheme, even with a partial nonlinearity. The results are also compared with a corresponding optically amplified linear system at 10 Gb/s.
83 citations
TL;DR: Amplitude regeneration schemes for ON-OFF keying signals using self-phase modulation and four-wave mixing in fibers and regeneration schemes of phase-encoded signals are reviewed.
Abstract: Fiber-based all-optical signal regeneration techniques are reviewed. In the first half of the paper, amplitude regeneration schemes for ON-OFF keying signals using self-phase modulation and four-wave mixing in fibers are classified and their features are described. In the second half of the paper, focus is placed on regeneration schemes of phase-encoded signals. In particular, we discuss the performance of the regenerators in which phase information is converted to/from amplitude information and noise suppression is done on the amplitude. Usefulness of phase-preserving amplitude-only regeneration in reducing nonlinear phase noise is also discussed. Some experimental results are shown. Finally, issues in applying all-optical regeneration to real transmission systems are mentioned.
67 citations