Book•
Noise of polyphase electric motors
12 Dec 2005-
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a detailed analysis of the effects of various sources of noise and vibration on the performance of an Inverter-Fed motor. But they focus on the effect of the speed of the acceleration of the motor and the switching frequency of the motors.
Abstract: GENERATION AND RADIATION OF NOISE IN ELECTRICAL MACHINES Vibration, Sound, and Noise Sound Waves Sources of Noise in Electrical Machines Energy Conversion Process Noise Limits and Measurement Procedures for Electrical Machines Deterministic and Statistical Methods of Noise Prediction Economical Aspects Accuracy of Noise Prediction MAGNETIC FIELDS AND RADIAL FORCES IN POLYPHASE MOTORS FED WITH SINUSOIDAL CURRENTS Construction of Induction Motors Construction of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Brushless Motors A.C. Stator Windings Stator Winding MMF Rotor Magnetic Field Calculation of Air Gap Magnetic Field Radial Forces Other Sources of Electromagnetic Vibration and Noise INVERTER-FED MOTORS Generation of Higher Time Harmonics Analysis of Radial Forces for Nonsinusoidal Currents Higher Time Harmonic Torques in Induction Machines Higher Time Harmonic Torques in Permanent Magnet (PM) Brushless Machines Influence of the Switching Frequency of an Inverter Noise Reduction of Inverter-Fed Motors TORQUE PULSATIONS Analytical Methods of Instantaneous Torque Calculation Numerical Methods of Instantaneous Torque Calculation Electromagnetic Torque Components Sources of Torque Pulsations Higher Harmonic Torques of Induction Motors Cogging Torque in Permanent Magnet (PM) Brushless Motors Torque Ripple Due to Distortion of EMF and Current Waveforms in Permanent Magnet (PM) Brushless Motors Tangential Forces vs. Radial Forces Minimization of Torque Ripple in PM Brushless Motors STATOR SYSTEM VIBRATION ANALYSIS Forced Vibration Simplified Calculation of Natural Frequencies of the Stator System Improved Analytical Method of Calculation of Natural Frequencies Numerical Verification ACOUSTIC CALCULATIONS Sound Radiation Efficiency Plane Radiator Infinitely Long Cylindrical Radiator Finite Length Cylindrical Radiator Calculations of Sound Power Level NOISE AND VIBRATION OF MECHANICAL AND AERODYNAMIC ORIGIN Mechanical Noise Due to Shaft and Rotor Irregularities Bearing Noise Noise Due to Toothed Gear Trains Aerodynamic Noise Mechanical Noise Generated by the Load ACOUSTIC AND VIBRATION INSTRUMENTATION Measuring System and Transducers Measurement of Sound Pressure Acoustic Measurement Procedure Vibration Measurements Frequency Analyzers Sound Power and Sound Pressure Indirect Methods of Sound Power Measurement Direct Method of Sound Power Measurement: Sound Intensity Technique Standard for Testing Acoustic Performance of Rotating Electrical Machines NUMERICAL ANALYSIS Introduction FEM Model for Radial Magnetic Pressure FEM for Structural Modeling BEM for Acoustic Radiation Discussion STATISTICAL ENERGY ANALYSIS Introduction Power Flow Between Linearly Coupled Oscillators Coupled Multimodal Systems Experimental SEA Application to Electrical Motors NOISE CONTROL Mounting Standard Methods of Noise Reduction Active Noise and Vibration Control APPENDIX A: BASICS OF ACOUSTICS Sound Field Variables and Wave Equations Sound Radiation from a Point Source Decibel Levels and Their Calculations Spectrum Analysis APPENDIX B: PERMEANCE OF NONUNIFORM AIR GAP Permeance Calculation Eccentricity Effect APPENDIX C: MAGNETIC SATURATION APPENDIX D: BASICS OF VIBRATION A Mass-Spring-Damper Oscillator Lumped Parameter Systems Continuous Systems SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX
Citations
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19 Aug 2015
TL;DR: In this paper, the design and comparative evaluation for an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) with distributed winding and concentrated winding, induction motor (IM), and switched reluctance motor (SRM) for an electric vehicle or hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) application is presented.
Abstract: With rapid electrification of transportation, it is becoming increasingly important to have a comprehensive understanding of criteria used in motor selection. This paper presents the design and comparative evaluation for an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) with distributed winding and concentrated winding, induction motor (IM), and switched reluctance motor (SRM) for an electric vehicle (EV) or hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) application. A fast finite element analysis (FEA) modeling approach is addressed for IM design. To account for highly nonlinear motor parameters and achieve high motor efficiency, optimal current trajectories are obtained by extensive mapping for IPMSMs and IM. Optimal turn- on and turn- off angles with current chopping control and angular position control are found for SRM. Additional comparison including noise vibration and harshness (NVH) is also highlighted. Simulation and analytical results show that each motor topology demonstrates its own unique characteristic for EVs/HEVs. Each motor’s highest efficiency region is located at different torque-speed regions for the criteria defined. Stator geometry, pole/slot combination, and control strategy differentiate NVH performance.
481 citations
TL;DR: Electromagnetic forces have been identified as the main cause of noise and vibration in permanent-magnet synchronous motors, rather than the torque ripple and cogging torque.
Abstract: This paper analyzes the noise and vibration in permanent-magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs). Electromagnetic forces have been identified as the main cause of noise and vibration in these machines, rather than the torque ripple and cogging torque. A procedure for calculating the magnetic forces on the stator teeth based on the 2-D finite-element (FE) method is presented first. An analytical model is then developed to predict the radial displacement along the stator teeth. The displacement calculations from the analytical model are validated with structural finite-element analysis (FEA) and experimental data. Finally, the radial displacement is converted into sound power level. Four different PMSM topologies, suitable for the electric power steering application, are compared for their performances with regard to noise and vibration.
256 citations
09 May 2010
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of pole and slot combination on the vibration and noise in permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) was investigated by using the electromagnetic field finite element analysis (FEA) and Maxwell stress tensor method.
Abstract: This paper investigates the effect of pole and slot combination on the vibration and noise in permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). Two PMSMs that have the same performances but different pole and slot combinations are studied. A numerical analysis process for the vibration is introduced. First, by using the electromagnetic field finite element analysis (FEA) and Maxwell stress tensor method, the radial forces of these two motors are analyzed. In order to evaluate the effect of the radial force on the vibration, then the equivalent magnetizing current method is used to calculate the local force which then is employed in the mechanical FEA analysis. Finally, an experiment is processed to test the vibration and noise of these two motors, and verify the proposed analysis process. The effect of the pole and slot combination on the noise and vibration are revealed.
170 citations
06 Nov 2009
TL;DR: In this article, a procedure for calculating the magnetic forces on the stator teeth based on the 2D finite element (FE) method is presented, and an analytical model is then developed to predict the radial displacement along the stators.
Abstract: This paper analyzes the noise and vibration in permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM). Electromagnetic forces have been identified as the main cause of noise and vibration in these machines rather than the torque ripple and cogging torque. A procedure for calculating the magnetic forces on the stator teeth based on the 2D finite element (FE) method is presented first. An analytical model is then developed to predict the radial displacement along the stator teeth. The displacement calculations from analytical model are validated with structural FEA and experimental data. Finally, the radial displacement is converted into sound power level. Four different PMSM topologies suitable for electric power steering application are compared for their performances with regards to noise and vibration.
170 citations
TL;DR: The analytical characterization of the Maxwell radial vibrations due to pulsewidth modulation (PWM) supply in induction machines and, particularly, in traction motors supplied with an asynchronous switching frequency is derived.
Abstract: This paper derives the analytical characterization of the Maxwell radial vibrations due to pulsewidth modulation (PWM) supply in induction machines and, particularly, in traction motors supplied with an asynchronous switching frequency. The number of nodes and the velocity of these particular force waves are experimentally validated by visualizing some operational deflection shapes of the stator. It is shown that according to the switching frequency, these forces can be responsible for high magnetic-noise levels during starting and braking. A simple rule to avoid PWM noise is then proposed and applied to an industrial traction motor. Experimental results show that the choice of the switching frequency can have a 15-dB impact on the sound power level emitted by the motor during starting and that a lower switching frequency can sometimes lead to lower magnetic noise. In agreement with analytical predictions, the new proposed switching frequency that avoids resonances between PWM exciting forces and corresponding stator modes reduces the magnetic noise of 5 dB during starting.
140 citations
References
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Book•
04 Jan 2005
TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented a case study of a low-speed coreless brushless motor with three-phase windings distributed in slots and a non-overlap (salient pole) winding.
Abstract: Introduction 11 Scope 12 Features 13 Development of AFPM Machines 14 Types of Axial Flwr PM Machines 15 Topologies and Geometries 16 Rotor Dynamics 17 Axial Magnetic Field Excited by PMs 18 PM Eddy-Current Brake as the Simplest AFPM Brushless Machine 19 AFPM Machines versus RFPM Machines 110 Power Limitation of AFPM Machines Numerical Examples 2 Principles of AFPM Machines 21 Magnetic Circuits 211 Single-Sided Machines 212 Double-Sided Machines With Internal PM DiscRotor 213 Double-Sided Machines With Internal Ring-Shaped Core Stator 214 Double-Sided Machines With Internal Slotted Stator 215 Double-Sided Machines With Internal Coreless Stator 216 Multidisc Machines 22 Windings 221 Three-Phase Windings Distributed in Slots 222 Toroidal Winding 223 Coreless Stator Winding 224 Non-Overlap (Salient Pole) Windings 23 Torque Production 24 Magnetic Flux 25 Electromagnetic Torque and EMF 26 Losses and Efficiency 261 Stator Winding Losses 262 Stator Core Losses 263 Core Loss Finite Element Model 264 Losses in Permanent Magnets 265 Rotor Core Losses 266 Eddy Current Losses in Stator Conductors 267 Rotational Losses 268 Losses for Nonsinusoidal Current 269 Efficiency 27 Phasor Diagrams 28 Sizing Equations 29 Armature Reaction 210 AFPM Motor 2101 Sine-Wave Motor 2102 Square-Wave Motor 211 AFPM Synchronous Generator 2111 Performance Characteristics of a Stand Alone Generator 2112 Synchronization With Utility Grid Numerical Examples 3 Materials and Fabrication 31 Stator Cores 311 Nonoriented Electrical Steels 312 Amorphous Ferromagnetic Alloys 313 Soft Magnetic Powder Composites 314 Fabrication of Stator Cores 32 Rotor Magnetic Circuits 321 PM Materials 322 Characteristics of PM Materials 323 Operating Diagram 324 Permeances for Main and Leakage Fluxes 325 Calculation of Magnetic Circuits With PMs 326 Fabrication of Rotor Magnetic Circuits 33 Windings 331 Conductors 332 Fabrication of Slotted Windings 333 Fabrication of Coreless Windings Numerical Examples 4 AFPM Machines With Iron Cores 41 Geometries 42 Commercial AFPM Machines With Stator Ferromagnetic Cores 43 Some Features of Iron-Cored AFPM Machines 44 Magnetic Flux Density Distribution in the Air Gap 45 Calculation of Reactances 451 Synchronous and Armature Reaction Reactances 452 Stator Leakage Reactance 46 Performance Characteristics 47 Performance Calculation 471 Sine-Wave AFPM Machine 472 Synchronous Generator 473 Square-Wave AFPM Machine 48 Finite Element Calculations Numerical Examples 5 AFPM Machines Without Stator Cores 51 Advantages and Disadvantages 52 Commercial Coreless Stator AFPM Machines 53 Coreless Stator AFPM Microgenerators 54 Performance Calculation 541 Steady-State Performance 542 Dynamic Performance 55 Calculation of Coreless Winding Inductances 551 Classical Approach 552 FEM Approach 56 Performance Characteristics 57 Performance of Coreless Non-Overlap Winding AFPM Machines 58 Eddy Current Losses in the Stator Windings 581 Eddy Current Loss Resistance 582 Reduction of Eddy Current Losses 583 Reduction of Circulating Current Losses 584 Measurement of Eddy Current Losses 59 Armature Reaction 510 Mechanical Design Features 5101 Mechanical Strength Analysis 5102 Imbalanced Axial Force on the Stator 511 Thermal Problems Numerical Examples 6 AFPM Machines Without Stator and Rotor Cores 61 Advantages and Disadvantages 62 Topology and Construction 63 Air Gap Magnetic Flux Density 64 Electromagnetic Torque and EMF 65 Commercial Coreless AFPM Motors 66 Case Study: Low-Speed AFPM Coreless Brushless Motor 661 Performance Characteristics 662 Cost Analysis 663 Comparison With Cylindrical Motor With Laminated Stator and Rotor Cores 67 Case Study: Low-Speed Coreless AFPM Brushless Generator 68 Characterist
691 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1993
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a review of constructions of flat and tubular linear motors and their applications in the field of electromagnetic effects and analysis of linear drives.
Abstract: 1. Review of constructions 2. Applications 3. Electromagnetic effects 4. Flat and tubular motors 5. Analysis of linear drives 6. Inverter-fed motors 7. Design 8. Experimental tests References Index
217 citations
Patent•
17 Jul 1978
TL;DR: In this article, a damping means consisting of external impedance in which resistors and capacitors are arranged in series or in parallel between the input terminals of an armature coil is proposed.
Abstract: PURPOSE:To obtain an excellent damping characteristic using a simple structure by setting up a damping means consisting of external impedance in which resistors and capacitors are arranged in series or in parallel between the input terminals of an armature coil.
88 citations