Non-invasive electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain, spinal cord and roots: basic principles and procedures for routine clinical application. Report of an IFCN committee

doi:10.1016/0013-4694(94)90029-9

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Non-invasive electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain, spinal cord and roots: basic principles and procedures for routine clinical application. Report of an IFCN committee

Journal Article•DOI•

Non-invasive electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain, spinal cord and roots: basic principles and procedures for routine clinical application. Report of an IFCN committee

Paolo Maria Rossini, A.T. Barker¹, Alfredo Berardelli, Maria D. Caramia, Giuseppe Caruso, Roger Q. Cracco, Milan R. Dimitrijevic, Mark Hallett, Yoichi Katayama, Carl Hermann Lücking, A. Maertens de Noordhout, C. D. Marsden, N. M. F. Murray, John C. Rothwell, Michael Swash, C. Tomberg - Show less +12 more•Institutions (1)

University of Sheffield¹

01 Aug 1994-Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology (Elsevier)-Vol. 91, Iss: 2, pp 79-92

TL;DR: This year's jurors included A.M.

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About: This article is published in Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology.The article was published on 1994-08-01. It has received 2945 citations till now.

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Journal Article•DOI•

Safety, ethical considerations, and application guidelines for the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in clinical practice and research

[...]

Simone Rossi¹, Mark Hallett, Paolo Maria Rossini, Alvaro Pascual-Leone²•Institutions (2)

University of Siena¹, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center²

01 Dec 2009-Clinical Neurophysiology

TL;DR: The present updated guidelines review issues of risk and safety of conventional TMS protocols, address the undesired effects and risks of emerging TMS interventions, the applications of TMS in patients with implanted electrodes in the central nervous system, and safety aspects of T MS in neuroimaging environments.

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4,447 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Non-invasive electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain, spinal cord, roots and peripheral nerves: Basic principles and procedures for routine clinical and research application: An updated report from an I.F.C.N. Committee

[...]

Paolo Maria Rossini¹, David Burke², Robert Chen³, L.G. Cohen, Zafiris J. Daskalakis⁴, R. Di Iorio¹, V. Di Lazzaro⁵, Florinda Ferreri⁵, Florinda Ferreri⁶, Paul B. Fitzgerald⁷, Mark S. George⁸, Mark Hallett, Jean-Pascal Lefaucheur⁹, Berthold Langguth¹⁰, Hideyuki Matsumoto, Carlo Miniussi¹¹, Michael A. Nitsche¹², Alvaro Pascual-Leone¹³, Walter Paulus¹², Simone Rossi¹⁴, John C. Rothwell¹⁵, Hartwig R. Siebner¹⁶, Yoshikazu Ugawa¹⁷, Vincent Walsh¹⁵, Ulf Ziemann¹⁸ - Show less +21 more•Institutions (18)

The Catholic University of America¹, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital², University of Toronto³, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health⁴, Università Campus Bio-Medico⁵, University of Eastern Finland⁶, Monash University⁷, Medical University of South Carolina⁸, Paris 12 Val de Marne University⁹, University of Regensburg¹⁰, University of Brescia¹¹, University of Göttingen¹², Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center¹³, University of Siena¹⁴, University College London¹⁵, Copenhagen University Hospital¹⁶, Fukushima Medical University¹⁷, University of Tübingen¹⁸

01 Jun 2015-Clinical Neurophysiology

TL;DR: These guidelines provide an up-date of previous IFCN report on “Non-invasive electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain, spinal cord and roots: basic principles and procedures for routine clinical application” and include some recent extensions and developments.

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1,850 citations

Cites background or methods from "Non-invasive electrical and magneti..."

...The relative frequency method has been described in the 1994 ‘‘Report’’ (Rossini et al., 1994) and recently modified slightly (Groppa et al., 2012): TMS should start with a subthreshold intensity....
[...]
...A new Committee, composed of international experts, some of whom were in the panel of the 1994 ‘‘Report’’, was selected to produce a current state-of-the-art review of noninvasive stimulation both for clinical application and research in neuroscience....
[...]
...This intrinsic trial-to-trial variability has to be taken into account when measuring threshold under resting conditions (Rossini et al., 1994) and using the mean MEP amplitude as a state marker of cortico-motor excitability (Wassermann, 2002)....
[...]
...…8, TMS measures Excitability threshold a b s t r a c t These guidelines provide an up-date of previous IFCN report on ‘‘Non-invasive electrical and magnetic stimulation of the brain, spinal cord and roots: basic principles and procedures for routine clinical application’’ (Rossini et al., 1994)....
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...Comprehensive coverage of the entire field would constitute a sizable monograph and of necessity this Report focuses on those areas of greatest interest to practicing clinical neurophysiologists....
[...]

Journal Article•DOI•

Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

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Jean Pascal Lefaucheur¹, Nathalie André-Obadia², Andrea Antal³, Samar S. Ayache¹, Chris Baeken⁴, David H. Benninger⁵, Roberto Cantello, Massimo Cincotta, Mamede de Carvalho⁶, Dirk De Ridder, Hervé Devanne⁷, Vincenzo Di Lazzaro⁸, Saša R. Filipović⁹, Friedhelm C. Hummel¹⁰, Satu K. Jääskeläinen¹¹, Vasilios K. Kimiskidis¹², Giacomo Koch, Berthold Langguth¹³, Thomas Nyffeler¹⁴, A. Oliviero, Frank Padberg¹⁵, Emmanuel Poulet, Simone Rossi¹⁶, Paolo Maria Rossini¹⁷, John C. Rothwell¹⁸, Carlos Schönfeldt-Lecuona¹⁹, Hartwig R. Siebner²⁰, Christina W. Slotema, Charlotte J. Stagg²¹, Josep Valls-Solé²², Ulf Ziemann²³, Walter Paulus³, Luis Garcia-Larrea² - Show less +29 more•Institutions (23)

Paris 12 Val de Marne University¹, French Institute of Health and Medical Research², University of Göttingen³, Ghent University⁴, University Hospital of Lausanne⁵, University of Lisbon⁶, university of lille⁷, Università Campus Bio-Medico⁸, University of Belgrade⁹, University of Hamburg¹⁰, Turku University Hospital¹¹, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki¹², University of Regensburg¹³, University of Bern¹⁴, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich¹⁵, University of Siena¹⁶, The Catholic University of America¹⁷, University College London¹⁸, University of Ulm¹⁹, Copenhagen University Hospital²⁰, University of Oxford²¹, University of Barcelona²², University of Tübingen²³

01 Nov 2014-Clinical Neurophysiology

TL;DR: There is a sufficient body of evidence to accept with level A (definite efficacy) the analgesic effect of high-frequency rTMS of the primary motor cortex (M1) contralateral to the pain and the antidepressant effect of HF-rT MS of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC).

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1,554 citations

Cites background or methods from "Non-invasive electrical and magneti..."

...Jean-Pascal Lefaucheur a,b,⇑, Nathalie André-Obadia c,d, Andrea Antal e, Samar S. Ayache a,b, Chris Baeken f,g, David H. Benninger h, Roberto M. Cantello i, Massimo Cincotta j, Mamede de Carvalho k, Dirk De Ridder l,m, Hervé Devanne n,o, Vincenzo Di Lazzaro p, Saša R. Filipović q, Friedhelm C. Hummel r, Satu K. Jääskeläinen s, Vasilios K. Kimiskidis t, Giacomo Koch u, Berthold Langguth v, Thomas Nyffeler w, Antonio Oliviero x, Frank Padberg y, Emmanuel Poulet z,aa, Simone Rossi ab, Paolo Maria Rossini ac,ad, John C. Rothwell ae, Carlos Schönfeldt-Lecuona af, Hartwig R. Siebner ag,ah, Christina W. Slotema ai, Charlotte J. Stagg aj, Josep Valls-Sole ak, Ulf Ziemann al, Walter Paulus e,1, Luis Garcia-Larrea d,am,1 a Department of Physiology, Henri Mondor Hospital, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris, Créteil, France b EA 4391, Nerve Excitability and Therapeutic Team, Faculty of Medicine, Paris Est Créteil University, Créteil, France c Neurophysiology and Epilepsy Unit, Pierre Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France d Inserm U 1028, NeuroPain Team, Neuroscience Research Center of Lyon (CRNL), Lyon-1 University, Bron, France e Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany f Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium g Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital (UZBrussel), Brussels, Belgium h Neurology Service, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland i Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Neurology, University of Piemonte Orientale ‘‘A. Avogadro’’, Novara, Italy j Unit of Neurology, Florence Health Authority, Firenze, Italy k Institute of Physiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Portugal l Brai2n, Tinnitus Research Initiative Clinic Antwerp, Belgium m Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Antwerp, Belgium n Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France o ULCO, Lille-Nord de France University, Lille, France p Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Neurology, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy q Department of Neurophysiology, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Beograd, Serbia r Brain Imaging and Neurostimulation (BINS) Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany s Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland t Laboratory of Clinical Neurophysiology, AHEPA Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece u Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, Neurologia Clinica e Comportamentale, Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, Rome, Italy v Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany w Perception and Eye Movement Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland x FENNSI Group, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, Toledo, Spain y Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany z Department of Emergency Psychiatry, CHU Lyon, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France DI, Beck work for e; cTBS, C, dorsal gure-ofsed coil; , Jebsen– pression st; OCD, positron , resting for the omputed se rating , France....
[...]
...( 20 10 ) 22 (a ct iv e: 12 ; co n tr ol : 10 ) Le ft D LP FC ,F 8c Sh am co il 5 H z, 90 % R M T 60 0 pu ls es ,1 0 se ss io n s Im pr ov em en t on de pr es si on ra ti n g sc al es (B D I by 44 % an d M A D R S by 26 % ), ac cu ra cy of St ro op te st (b y 16 % ), an d m ot or sc or es (U PD R S- II Ib y 32 % ), 30 da ys af te r tr ea tm en t en de d II R ec o m m en d at io n : p ro b ab le an ti d ep re ss an t ef fe ct o f H F rT M S o f th e le ft D LP FC in P ar k in so n ’s d is ea se (L ev el B ) 2164 J.-P. Lefaucheur et al. / Clinical Neurophysiology 125 (2014) 2150–2206 eral to the affected side, but had only 8 PD patients receiving active rTMS (Del Olmo et al., 2007) and the other used iTBS of both DLPFC and M1 (Benninger et al., 2011)....
[...]
...2165 2152 J.-P. Lefaucheur et al. / Clinical Neurophysiology 125 (2014) 2150–2206 5....
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...This Class I study providing evidence for J.-P. Lefaucheur et al. / Clinical Neurophysiology 125 (2014) 2150–2206 2163 the efficacy of LF rTMS of the SMA on PD motor symptoms remains to be replicated by an independent team....
[...]
...One important point for future therapeutic application is that tolerance and safety can be rated as 2158 J.-P.Lefaucheur et al./Clinical N europhysiology 125 (2014) 2150– 2206 J.-P. Lefaucheur et al. / Clinical Neurophysiology 125 (2014) 2150–2206 2159 excellent for this technique, even in patients with chronic refractory pain, as recently highlighted in the multicenter study by Hosomi et al. (2013)....
[...]

Journal Article•DOI•

Induction of plasticity in the human motor cortex by paired associative stimulation.

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Katja Stefan¹, E. Kunesch, Leonardo G. Cohen, Reiner Benecke, Joseph Classen¹ - Show less +1 more•Institutions (1)

University of Rostock¹

01 Mar 2000-Brain

TL;DR: It is proposed that the induced plasticity may represent a signature of associative long-term potentiation of cortical synapses or closely related neuronal mechanisms in the human cortex.

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Abstract: Current models of motor cortical plasticity, developed in studies on experimental animals, emphasize the importance of the conjoint activity of somatosensory afferents and intrinsic motor cortical circuits. The hypothesis that an enduring change in excitability in the cortical output circuitry can be induced in the human motor cortex by a paired-stimulation protocol was tested. Low-frequency median nerve stimulation was paired with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the optimal cranial site for stimulating the abductor pollicis brevis muscle (APB). This protocol induced an increase in the amplitudes of the motor evoked potentials (MEPs) in the resting APB as well as a prolongation of the silent period measured in the precontracted APB following TMS; amplitudes of MEPs measured in voluntary contraction remained unchanged. Experiments testing the excitability of spinal motoneurons using F-wave studies and electrical stimulation of the brainstem suggested that the site of the plastic changes was within the motor cortex. The increases in resting amplitudes and silent period duration were conditionally dependent on the timing between the afferent and the magnetic stimulation in that they were present when events elicited by afferent and magnetic stimulation were synchronous at the level of the motor cortex. Plasticity induced by paired stimulation evolved rapidly (within 30 min), was persistent (minimum duration 30-60 min) yet reversible, and was topographically specific. This combination of features and the similarity to properties of induced enduring changes in synaptic efficacy, as elucidated in animal studies, leads us to propose that the induced plasticity may represent a signature of associative long-term potentiation of cortical synapses or closely related neuronal mechanisms in the human cortex.

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1,355 citations

Cites background from "Non-invasive electrical and magneti..."

...…stimulation, may be of relevance for the understanding and therapeutic manipulation of human produce a response of at least 50 µV in the relaxed APB in at least five of 10 consecutive trials at a resolution of 1% ofmotor cortical plasticity. the maximal stimulator output (Rossini et al., 1994)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Influence of interhemispheric interactions on motor function in chronic stroke

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Nagako Murase¹, Julie Duque², Julie Duque¹, Riccardo Mazzocchio³, Riccardo Mazzocchio¹, Leonardo G. Cohen¹ - Show less +2 more•Institutions (3)

National Institutes of Health¹, Catholic University of Leuven², University of Siena³

01 Mar 2004-Annals of Neurology

TL;DR: An abnormally high interhemispheric inhibitory drive from M1intact hemisphere to M1lesioned hemisphere in the process of generation of a voluntary movement by the paretic hand is document, conceivable that this abnormality could adversely influence motor recovery in some patients with subcortical stroke.

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Abstract: In patients with chronic stroke, the primary motor cortex of the intact hemisphere (M1(intact hemisphere)) may influence functional recovery, possibly through transcallosal effects exerted over M1 in the lesioned hemisphere (M1(lesioned hemisphere)). Here, we studied interhemispheric inhibition (IHI) between M1(intact hemisphere) and M1(lesioned hemisphere) in the process of generation of a voluntary movement by the paretic hand in patients with chronic subcortical stroke and in healthy volunteers. IHI was evaluated in both hands preceding the onset of unilateral voluntary index finger movements (paretic hand in patients, right hand in controls) in a simple reaction time paradigm. IHI at rest and shortly after the Go signal were comparable in patients and controls. Closer to movement onset, IHI targeting the moving index finger turned into facilitation in controls but remained deep in patients, a finding that correlated with poor motor performance. These results document an abnormally high interhemispheric inhibitory drive from M1(intact hemisphere) to M1(lesioned hemisphere) in the process of generation of a voluntary movement by the paretic hand. It is conceivable that this abnormality could adversely influence motor recovery in some patients with subcortical stroke, an interpretation consistent with models of interhemispheric competition in motor and sensory systems.

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1,292 citations

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References

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Journal Article•DOI•

Non-invasive magnetic stimulation of human motor cortex

[...]

A.T. Barker¹, R. Jalinous¹, I.L. Freeston²•Institutions (2)

Royal Hallamshire Hospital¹, University of Sheffield²

11 May 1985-The Lancet

3,880 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Functional significance of cell size in spinal motoneurons

[...]

Elwood Henneman, George G. Somjen, David O. Carpenter

01 May 1965-Journal of Neurophysiology

TL;DR: The present paper is concerned with the central part of the motoneuron and the significance of its size in synaptic transmission and asks whether the cell bodies (and dendrites) connected with large and small motor fibers have different functional properties which can be recognized by their discharge characteristics.

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Abstract: SINCE THE BEGINNINGS OF NEUROHISTOLOGY it has been recognized that neurons within the central nervous system vary widely in size, but the functional significance of this basic observation has never emerged from the realm of speculation. The largest cells have surface areas which are at least 100, perhaps 1,000, times greater than those of the smallest cells. Correspondingly, the diameters of axons in the central and peripheral portions of the nervous system range from less than .25 p. to more than 20 c-c. This broad spectrum of physical dimensions invites a search for functional correlates. This is one of a series of studies on the problem of size as it relates to spinal motoneurons. The preceding papers (21, 25) were concerned chiefly with the peripheral part of the motoneuron and the muscle fibers it innervates. They provided experimental evidence that the diameter of a motor nerve fiber is related to the number of muscle fibers it supplies. This finding seemed to make good sense: if a motor fiber innervates many muscle fibers and forms a large motor unit, it must have sufficient axonal substance to give off a large number of terminals. The present paper is concerned with the central part of the motoneuron and the significance of its size in synaptic transmission. It asks whether the cell bodies (and dendrites) connected with large and small motor fibers have different functional properties which can be recognized by their discharge characteristics. In order to investigate this problem one must be able to distinguish the signals of a large motoneuron from those of a small one. This may be done by recording their action potentials from thin filaments of lumbar ventral roots. As Gasser (8) demonstrated, the amplitudes of nerve impulses recorded externally from peripheral nerves are directly related to the diameters of their fibers. If it may be assumed that the diameters of axons are also related to the sizes of their cell bodies, as scattered histo-

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2,232 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Which elements are excited in electrical stimulation of mammalian central nervous system: a review

[...]

James B. Ranck¹•Institutions (1)

University of Michigan¹

21 Nov 1975-Brain Research

TL;DR: There are data on the amount of current necessary to stimulate a myelinated fiber or cell body and/or its axon a given distance away from a monopolar electrode over the entire range of practical interest for intracranial stimulation.

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2,047 citations

Book•

Electrodiagnosis in Diseases of Nerve and Muscle: Principles and Practice

[...]

Jun Kimura

01 Jan 1983

TL;DR: This book provides a comprehensive review of most peripheral nerve and muscle diseases, including specific techniques and locations for performing each test, and is of value to neurologists and physiatrists who are interested in neuromuscular disorders and noninvasive electrodiagnostic methods.

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Abstract: With each subsequent edition, Dr. Kimura has built upon his extensive experience teaching electromyography (EMG) around the world and has transferred his knowledge to the book. It is intended for clinicians who perform electrodiagnostic procedures as an extension of their clinical examination, and will be of value to neurologists and physiatrists who are interested in neuromuscular disorders and noninvasive electrodiagnostic methods, particularly those practicing electromyography (EMG). The book provides a comprehensive review of most peripheral nerve and muscle diseases, including specific techniques and locations for performing each test.New to this edition:intra-operative monitoringstudies for the pediatric and geriatric populationsdata analysis and reporting, which should help facilitate daily practice

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1,503 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Stimulation of the cerebral cortex in the intact human subject

[...]

P. A. Merton, H. B. Morton

22 May 1980-Nature

TL;DR: It has now been found that, on stimulating muscles in the human hand without any special preparation of the skin, the effective resistance fell to low values if brief but very high voltage shocks were used.

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Abstract: One of the most fertile methods of investigating the brain is to stimulate a part of it electrically and observe the results. So far, however, use of the method in man has been restricted by the necessity of opening the skull surgically to apply the electrodes. Much could be done, both with healthy subjects and with neurological patients, if it were feasible to stimulate through electrodes on the scalp, although the localization of the stimulus on the cortex will always be much less sharp than with electrodes on the brain surface. In an intact man, however, the brain is protected from electricity by the skull and by the scalp, both of which normally offer considerable resistance. Furthermore, the cerebral cortex does not have a particularly low electrical threshold. It is probably for these reasons (despite an occasional contrary claim1) that attempts to stimulate the brain by applying stimuli from conventional stimulators to the scalp have been stopped by pain or have otherwise failed. These obstacles have now begun to yield. Recently, it was found that, on stimulating muscles in the human hand2 without any special preparation of the skin, the effective resistance fell to low values if brief but very high voltage shocks were used. Applying the same technique to the head, it has now proved possible at the first attempt to stimulate two areas of the human cortex, without undue discomfort.

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1,044 citations