Noncooperative Cellular Wireless with Unlimited Numbers of Base Station Antennas
TL;DR: A cellular base station serves a multiplicity of single-antenna terminals over the same time-frequency interval and a complete multi-cellular analysis yields a number of mathematically exact conclusions and points to a desirable direction towards which cellular wireless could evolve.
Abstract: A cellular base station serves a multiplicity of single-antenna terminals over the same time-frequency interval. Time-division duplex operation combined with reverse-link pilots enables the base station to estimate the reciprocal forward- and reverse-link channels. The conjugate-transpose of the channel estimates are used as a linear precoder and combiner respectively on the forward and reverse links. Propagation, unknown to both terminals and base station, comprises fast fading, log-normal shadow fading, and geometric attenuation. In the limit of an infinite number of antennas a complete multi-cellular analysis, which accounts for inter-cellular interference and the overhead and errors associated with channel-state information, yields a number of mathematically exact conclusions and points to a desirable direction towards which cellular wireless could evolve. In particular the effects of uncorrelated noise and fast fading vanish, throughput and the number of terminals are independent of the size of the cells, spectral efficiency is independent of bandwidth, and the required transmitted energy per bit vanishes. The only remaining impairment is inter-cellular interference caused by re-use of the pilot sequences in other cells (pilot contamination) which does not vanish with unlimited number of antennas.
Citations
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TL;DR: High spectral efficiency: >20x gains over IMT-Advanced are foreseen; Variance of distortion noise at BS can scale with number of antennas; quality of user device is the limiting factor.
Abstract: • Massive MIMO has Many Extraordinary Benefits • High spectral efficiency: >20x gains over IMT-Advanced are foreseen • High SE per cell, but modest per user • Important: Fractional pilot reuse, pilots take up large part of coherence interval • High energy efficiency: Tens of Mbit/Joule are foreseen • Reduced transmit power per user and antenna, maybe not per cell • Circuit power dominates power consumption in urban scenarios • Important: Interference control, sharing circuit power between users • High hardware efficiency: High-grade hardware is not needed • Variance of distortion noise at BS can scale with number of antennas • Important: Quality of user device is the limiting factor
46 citations
19 Mar 2014
TL;DR: A simple noncoherent communication scheme based on energy detection that does not require knowledge of instantaneous channel state information at either the transmitter or the receiver is proposed and a constellation design based on the minimum distance criterion is proposed.
Abstract: A system with a single antenna transmitter and a large number of antennas at the receiver is considered. For this system we propose a simple noncoherent communication scheme based on energy detection that does not require knowledge of instantaneous channel state information at either the transmitter or the receiver. We also propose a constellation design based on the minimum distance criterion for this system and present numerical results to demonstrate the performance of this scheme for representative fading and noise statistics. Moreover, we show that this constellation design has the same scaling law performance as a system with perfect channel knowledge at the receiver.
46 citations
Cites background from "Noncooperative Cellular Wireless wi..."
...Large increases in the number of antennas at the receiver makes significant performance gains possible [2]....
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...Then the probability of symbol error, when the transmitter transmits at power pi, is defined as Pe(pi) , Pr{̂i 6= i}....
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TL;DR: The results show that only when the power-scaling 2) is utilized, do the FD massive MIMO AF relay systems have the ability to restrict the loop interference, so that the system performance is free of loop interference when the number of antennas at the relay is large enough.
Abstract: To achieve insights about the impact of amplified loop interference, we consider a dual-hop full-duplex (FD) massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) amplify-and-forward (AF) relaying system in terms of achievable ergodic rates for each user pair as well as spectrum and energy efficiencies. It is assumed that the base station (or relay) is equipped with $M_{Rx}$ receive antennas and $M_{Tx}$ transmit antennas, while all sources and destinations have a single antenna. For such FD massive MIMO AF relaying systems, the closed-form expressions of the lower bounds of achievable ergodic rates are derived first with a finite number of receive and transmit antennas at base station. Then, the asymptotic performance analysis is performed by considering three different power-scaling schemes: 1) $P_{S} =E_{S} /M_{Rx} $ and $P_{R} =E_{R} $ ; 2) $P_{S} =E_{S} $ and $P_{R} =E_{R} /M_{Tx} $ ; and 3) $P_{S} =E_{S} /M_{Rx} $ and $P_{R} =E_{R} /M_{Tx} $ , where $E_{S} $ and $E_{R} $ are fixed, and $P_{S} $ and $P_{R} $ denote the transmit powers of each source and relay, respectively. Our results show that only when the power-scaling 2) is utilized, do the FD massive MIMO AF relay systems have the ability to restrict the loop interference, so that the system performance is free of loop interference when the number of antennas at the relay is large enough. On the contrary, with the power-scaling cases 1) and 3), the systems have no ability to cancel the loop interference even if $M_{Rx} $ or $M_{Tx} $ (or both) goes to infinity. The insight is different from the results in the FD massive MIMO decode-and-forward relaying systems where the loop interference can be entirely eliminated for the three power-scaling cases.
46 citations
Cites methods from "Noncooperative Cellular Wireless wi..."
...The idea of scaling up MIMO, or massive MIMO was first proposed in the seminal work [3]....
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TL;DR: The detailed survey on the 5G Green network energy efficiency strategies is displayed and also innovations that are beneficial in improving the energy efficiency for captivating care of the demands of the users are provided.
46 citations
TL;DR: The generalized power scaling laws that guarantee a nonvanishing sum rate are discovered, as low-resolution analog-to-digital convertors at the relay station (RS) do not bring substantial impact on power scaling Laws.
Abstract: In this paper, we investigate a multiuser massive MIMO amplify-and-forward relay uplink, where low-resolution analog-to-digital convertors (ADCs) are used at the relay station (RS). Both the base station (BS) and the RS are equipped with large numbers, i.e., $\boldsymbol {N_B}$ and $\boldsymbol {N_R}$ , respectively, of antennas. For both perfect and imperfect channel state information (CSI), we derive closed-form sum rate expressions with respect to finite $\boldsymbol {N_B}$ and $\boldsymbol {N_R}$ . Under some mild assumptions, we demonstrate that sum rates with perfect and imperfect CSI, respectively, increase with $\boldsymbol {\alpha }$ and $\boldsymbol {\alpha ^2}$ both logarithmically, where $\boldsymbol {\alpha }$ is linear quantization gain of ADCs at the RS. We show that low-resolution, e.g., 2-3 bits, ADCs only cause limited sum rate loss when $\boldsymbol {N_B}$ and $\boldsymbol {N_R}$ are relatively large compared to the number of users, i.e., $\boldsymbol {K}$ . Based on the obtained sum rate expressions, we further discover the generalized power scaling laws that guarantee a nonvanishing sum rate, as $\boldsymbol {N_B}$ and $\boldsymbol {N_R}$ grow to infinity, where we find that low-resolution ADCs at the RS do not bring substantial impact on power scaling laws. Numerical results verify the correctness of our theoretical analysis and consequently justify the large-scale antenna arrays at the RS in a low-cost and energy efficient manner, yet still achieving considerable sum rate performance.
46 citations
References
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TL;DR: This paper addresses digital communication in a Rayleigh fading environment when the channel characteristic is unknown at the transmitter but is known (tracked) at the receiver with the aim of leveraging the already highly developed 1-D codec technology.
Abstract: This paper addresses digital communication in a Rayleigh fading environment when the channel characteristic is unknown at the transmitter but is known (tracked) at the receiver. Inventing a codec architecture that can realize a significant portion of the great capacity promised by information theory is essential to a standout long-term position in highly competitive arenas like fixed and indoor wireless. Use (n T , n R ) to express the number of antenna elements at the transmitter and receiver. An (n, n) analysis shows that despite the n received waves interfering randomly, capacity grows linearly with n and is enormous. With n = 8 at 1% outage and 21-dB average SNR at each receiving element, 42 b/s/Hz is achieved. The capacity is more than 40 times that of a (1, 1) system at the same total radiated transmitter power and bandwidth. Moreover, in some applications, n could be much larger than 8. In striving for significant fractions of such huge capacities, the question arises: Can one construct an (n, n) system whose capacity scales linearly with n, using as building blocks n separately coded one-dimensional (1-D) subsystems of equal capacity? With the aim of leveraging the already highly developed 1-D codec technology, this paper reports just such an invention. In this new architecture, signals are layered in space and time as suggested by a tight capacity bound.
6,812 citations
"Noncooperative Cellular Wireless wi..." refers background in this paper
...A point-to-point MIMO system [2] requires expensive multiple-antenna terminals....
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TL;DR: Under certain mild conditions, this scheme is found to be throughput-wise asymptotically optimal for both high and low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and some numerical results are provided for the ergodic throughput of the simplified zero-forcing scheme in independent Rayleigh fading.
Abstract: A Gaussian broadcast channel (GBC) with r single-antenna receivers and t antennas at the transmitter is considered. Both transmitter and receivers have perfect knowledge of the channel. Despite its apparent simplicity, this model is, in general, a nondegraded broadcast channel (BC), for which the capacity region is not fully known. For the two-user case, we find a special case of Marton's (1979) region that achieves optimal sum-rate (throughput). In brief, the transmitter decomposes the channel into two interference channels, where interference is caused by the other user signal. Users are successively encoded, such that encoding of the second user is based on the noncausal knowledge of the interference caused by the first user. The crosstalk parameters are optimized such that the overall throughput is maximum and, surprisingly, this is shown to be optimal over all possible strategies (not only with respect to Marton's achievable region). For the case of r>2 users, we find a somewhat simpler choice of Marton's region based on ordering and successively encoding the users. For each user i in the given ordering, the interference caused by users j>i is eliminated by zero forcing at the transmitter, while interference caused by users j
2,616 citations
"Noncooperative Cellular Wireless wi..." refers background in this paper
...An alternative to a point-to-point MIMO system is a multiuser MIMO system [3], [4], [5], [6] in which an antenna array simultaneously serves a multiplicity of autonomous terminals....
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Book•
28 Jun 2004TL;DR: A tutorial on random matrices is provided which provides an overview of the theory and brings together in one source the most significant results recently obtained.
Abstract: Random matrix theory has found many applications in physics, statistics and engineering since its inception. Although early developments were motivated by practical experimental problems, random matrices are now used in fields as diverse as Riemann hypothesis, stochastic differential equations, condensed matter physics, statistical physics, chaotic systems, numerical linear algebra, neural networks, multivariate statistics, information theory, signal processing and small-world networks. This article provides a tutorial on random matrices which provides an overview of the theory and brings together in one source the most significant results recently obtained. Furthermore, the application of random matrix theory to the fundamental limits of wireless communication channels is described in depth.
2,308 citations
"Noncooperative Cellular Wireless wi..." refers background in this paper
...It can be shown that the vector φkjΦ ∗ l has exactly the same probability distribution as does any row vector of Φl [15], [16]....
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01 Jan 2004
2,180 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that the dirty paper achievable region achieves the sum-rate capacity of the MIMO BC by establishing that the maximum sum rate of this region equals an upper bound on the sum rate.
Abstract: We consider a multiuser multiple-input multiple- output (MIMO) Gaussian broadcast channel (BC), where the transmitter and receivers have multiple antennas. Since the MIMO BC is in general a nondegraded BC, its capacity region remains an unsolved problem. We establish a duality between what is termed the "dirty paper" achievable region (the Caire-Shamai (see Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Information Theory, Washington, DC, June 2001, p.322) achievable region) for the MIMO BC and the capacity region of the MIMO multiple-access channel (MAC), which is easy to compute. Using this duality, we greatly reduce the computational complexity required for obtaining the dirty paper achievable region for the MIMO BC. We also show that the dirty paper achievable region achieves the sum-rate capacity of the MIMO BC by establishing that the maximum sum rate of this region equals an upper bound on the sum rate of the MIMO BC.
1,802 citations
"Noncooperative Cellular Wireless wi..." refers background in this paper
...An alternative to a point-to-point MIMO system is a multiuser MIMO system [3], [4], [5], [6] in which an antenna array simultaneously serves a multiplicity of autonomous terminals....
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