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Journal ArticleDOI

Noncooperative Cellular Wireless with Unlimited Numbers of Base Station Antennas

Thomas L. Marzetta1
01 Nov 2010-IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications (IEEE)-Vol. 9, Iss: 11, pp 3590-3600
TL;DR: A cellular base station serves a multiplicity of single-antenna terminals over the same time-frequency interval and a complete multi-cellular analysis yields a number of mathematically exact conclusions and points to a desirable direction towards which cellular wireless could evolve.
Abstract: A cellular base station serves a multiplicity of single-antenna terminals over the same time-frequency interval. Time-division duplex operation combined with reverse-link pilots enables the base station to estimate the reciprocal forward- and reverse-link channels. The conjugate-transpose of the channel estimates are used as a linear precoder and combiner respectively on the forward and reverse links. Propagation, unknown to both terminals and base station, comprises fast fading, log-normal shadow fading, and geometric attenuation. In the limit of an infinite number of antennas a complete multi-cellular analysis, which accounts for inter-cellular interference and the overhead and errors associated with channel-state information, yields a number of mathematically exact conclusions and points to a desirable direction towards which cellular wireless could evolve. In particular the effects of uncorrelated noise and fast fading vanish, throughput and the number of terminals are independent of the size of the cells, spectral efficiency is independent of bandwidth, and the required transmitted energy per bit vanishes. The only remaining impairment is inter-cellular interference caused by re-use of the pilot sequences in other cells (pilot contamination) which does not vanish with unlimited number of antennas.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An inclusive and comprehensive survey on various RAN architectures toward 5G, namely cloud-RAN, heterogeneous cloud-rAN, virtualized cloud- RAN, and fog-Ran, and compares them from various perspectives, such as energy consumption, operations expenditure, resource allocation, spectrum efficiency, system architecture, and network performance.
Abstract: The fifth generation (5G) of mobile communication system aims to deliver a ubiquitous mobile service with enhanced quality of service (QoS). It is also expected to enable new use-cases for various vertical industrial applications-such as automobiles, public transportation, medical care, energy, public safety, agriculture, entertainment, manufacturing, and so on. Rapid increases are predicted to occur in user density, traffic volume, and data rate. This calls for novel solutions to the requirements of both mobile users and vertical industries in the next decade. Among various available options, one that appears attractive is to redesign the network architecture-more specifically, to reconstruct the radio access network (RAN). In this paper, we present an inclusive and comprehensive survey on various RAN architectures toward 5G, namely cloud-RAN, heterogeneous cloud-RAN, virtualized cloud-RAN, and fog-RAN. We compare them from various perspectives, such as energy consumption, operations expenditure, resource allocation, spectrum efficiency, system architecture, and network performance. Moreover, we review the key enabling technologies for 5G systems, such as multi-access edge computing, network function virtualization, software-defined networking, and network slicing; and some crucial radio access technologies (RATs), such as millimeter wave, massive multi-input multi-output, device-to-device communication, and massive machine-type communication. Last but not least, we discuss the major research challenges in 5G RAN and 5G RATs and identify several possible directions of future research.

205 citations


Cites methods from "Noncooperative Cellular Wireless wi..."

  • ...Massive MIMO was proposed for the first time by Thomas Marzetta [214], and is considered as a breakthrough in the 5G mobile communication....

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  • ...However, the authors in [214] prove that massive MIMO technique is performed optimally....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A comprehensive overview of the latest research achievements of SC-SM is presented, which outlines the associated transceiver design, the benefits and potential tradeoffs, the LSA aided multiuser (MU) transmission developments, the relevant open research issues as well as the potential solutions of this appealing transmission technique.
Abstract: The main limitations of employing large-scale antenna (LSA) architectures for broadband frequency-selective channels include, but are not limited to their complexity, power consumption, and the high cost of multiple radio frequency (RF) chains. Promising solutions can be found in the recently proposed family of single-carrier (SC) spatial modulation (SM) transmission techniques. Since the SM scheme’s transmit antenna (TA) activation process is carried out in the context of a SC-SM architecture, the benefits of a low-complexity and low-cost single-RF transmitter are maintained, while a high MIMO multiplexing gain can be attained. Moreover, owing to its inherent SC structure, the transmit signals of SC-SM have attractive peak power characteristics and a high robustness to RF hardware impairments, such as the RF carrier frequency offset (CFO) and phase noise. In this paper, we present a comprehensive overview of the latest research achievements of SC-SM, which has recently attracted considerable attention. We outline the associated transceiver design, the benefits and potential tradeoffs, the LSA aided multiuser (MU) transmission developments, the relevant open research issues as well as the potential solutions of this appealing transmission technique.

202 citations

Proceedings ArticleDOI
10 Jun 2012
TL;DR: Simulation results illustrate that the proposed iterative resource allocation algorithm converges in a small number of iterations and demonstrate the trade-off between energy efficiency and the number of transmit antennas.
Abstract: In this paper, resource allocation for energy efficient communication in space division multiple access (SDMA) downlink networks with large numbers of transmit antennas is studied. The considered problem is modeled as a non-convex optimization problem which takes into account the circuit power consumption and a minimum required data rate. By exploiting the properties of fractional programming, the considered non-convex optimization problem in fractional form is transformed into an equivalent optimization problem in subtractive form, which enables the derivation of an efficient iterative resource allocation algorithm. The optimal power allocation solution for each iteration is derived based on a low complexity user selection policy for maximization of the energy efficiency of data transmission (bit/Joule delivered to the users). Simulation results illustrate that the proposed iterative resource allocation algorithm converges in a small number of iterations and unveil the trade-off between energy efficiency and the number of antennas.

202 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Various applications of sparse representation in wireless communications, with a focus on the most recent compressive sensing (CS)-enabled approaches, are discussed.
Abstract: Sparse representation can efficiently model signals in different applications to facilitate processing. In this article, we will discuss various applications of sparse representation in wireless communications, with a focus on the most recent compressive sensing (CS)-enabled approaches. With the help of the sparsity property, CS is able to enhance the spectrum efficiency (SE) and energy efficiency (EE) of fifth-generation (5G) and Internet of Things (IoT) networks.

200 citations


Cites background from "Noncooperative Cellular Wireless wi..."

  • ...An effective way is to exploit the spatial degrees of freedom (DoF) provided by large-scale antennas at the transmitter and the receiver to form massive MIMO systems [48]....

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  • ...It has been shown in [48] that the spatial resolution of a large-scale antenna array will be very high and the channels corresponding to different users are approximately orthogonal when the number of the antennas at the BS are very large....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide a broad view of the existing wireless IoT connectivity technologies and discuss several new emerging technologies and solutions that can be effectively used to enable massive connectivity for IoT.
Abstract: The Internet of Things (IoT) is rapidly becoming an integral part of our life and also multiple industries. We expect to see the number of IoT connected devices explosively grows and will reach hundreds of billions during the next few years. To support such a massive connectivity, various wireless technologies are investigated. In this survey, we provide a broad view of the existing wireless IoT connectivity technologies and discuss several new emerging technologies and solutions that can be effectively used to enable massive connectivity for IoT. In particular, we categorize the existing wireless IoT connectivity technologies based on coverage range and review diverse types of connectivity technologies with different specifications. We also point out key technical challenges of the existing connectivity technologies for enabling massive IoT connectivity. To address the challenges, we further review and discuss some examples of promising technologies such as compressive sensing (CS) random access, non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), and massive multiple input multiple output (mMIMO) based random access that could be employed in future standards for supporting IoT connectivity. Finally, a classification of IoT applications is considered in terms of various service requirements. For each group of classified applications, we outline its suitable IoT connectivity options.

200 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Gerard J. Foschini1
TL;DR: This paper addresses digital communication in a Rayleigh fading environment when the channel characteristic is unknown at the transmitter but is known (tracked) at the receiver with the aim of leveraging the already highly developed 1-D codec technology.
Abstract: This paper addresses digital communication in a Rayleigh fading environment when the channel characteristic is unknown at the transmitter but is known (tracked) at the receiver. Inventing a codec architecture that can realize a significant portion of the great capacity promised by information theory is essential to a standout long-term position in highly competitive arenas like fixed and indoor wireless. Use (n T , n R ) to express the number of antenna elements at the transmitter and receiver. An (n, n) analysis shows that despite the n received waves interfering randomly, capacity grows linearly with n and is enormous. With n = 8 at 1% outage and 21-dB average SNR at each receiving element, 42 b/s/Hz is achieved. The capacity is more than 40 times that of a (1, 1) system at the same total radiated transmitter power and bandwidth. Moreover, in some applications, n could be much larger than 8. In striving for significant fractions of such huge capacities, the question arises: Can one construct an (n, n) system whose capacity scales linearly with n, using as building blocks n separately coded one-dimensional (1-D) subsystems of equal capacity? With the aim of leveraging the already highly developed 1-D codec technology, this paper reports just such an invention. In this new architecture, signals are layered in space and time as suggested by a tight capacity bound.

6,812 citations


"Noncooperative Cellular Wireless wi..." refers background in this paper

  • ...A point-to-point MIMO system [2] requires expensive multiple-antenna terminals....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Under certain mild conditions, this scheme is found to be throughput-wise asymptotically optimal for both high and low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and some numerical results are provided for the ergodic throughput of the simplified zero-forcing scheme in independent Rayleigh fading.
Abstract: A Gaussian broadcast channel (GBC) with r single-antenna receivers and t antennas at the transmitter is considered. Both transmitter and receivers have perfect knowledge of the channel. Despite its apparent simplicity, this model is, in general, a nondegraded broadcast channel (BC), for which the capacity region is not fully known. For the two-user case, we find a special case of Marton's (1979) region that achieves optimal sum-rate (throughput). In brief, the transmitter decomposes the channel into two interference channels, where interference is caused by the other user signal. Users are successively encoded, such that encoding of the second user is based on the noncausal knowledge of the interference caused by the first user. The crosstalk parameters are optimized such that the overall throughput is maximum and, surprisingly, this is shown to be optimal over all possible strategies (not only with respect to Marton's achievable region). For the case of r>2 users, we find a somewhat simpler choice of Marton's region based on ordering and successively encoding the users. For each user i in the given ordering, the interference caused by users j>i is eliminated by zero forcing at the transmitter, while interference caused by users j

2,616 citations


"Noncooperative Cellular Wireless wi..." refers background in this paper

  • ...An alternative to a point-to-point MIMO system is a multiuser MIMO system [3], [4], [5], [6] in which an antenna array simultaneously serves a multiplicity of autonomous terminals....

    [...]

Book
28 Jun 2004
TL;DR: A tutorial on random matrices is provided which provides an overview of the theory and brings together in one source the most significant results recently obtained.
Abstract: Random matrix theory has found many applications in physics, statistics and engineering since its inception. Although early developments were motivated by practical experimental problems, random matrices are now used in fields as diverse as Riemann hypothesis, stochastic differential equations, condensed matter physics, statistical physics, chaotic systems, numerical linear algebra, neural networks, multivariate statistics, information theory, signal processing and small-world networks. This article provides a tutorial on random matrices which provides an overview of the theory and brings together in one source the most significant results recently obtained. Furthermore, the application of random matrix theory to the fundamental limits of wireless communication channels is described in depth.

2,308 citations


"Noncooperative Cellular Wireless wi..." refers background in this paper

  • ...It can be shown that the vector φkjΦ ∗ l has exactly the same probability distribution as does any row vector of Φl [15], [16]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is shown that the dirty paper achievable region achieves the sum-rate capacity of the MIMO BC by establishing that the maximum sum rate of this region equals an upper bound on the sum rate.
Abstract: We consider a multiuser multiple-input multiple- output (MIMO) Gaussian broadcast channel (BC), where the transmitter and receivers have multiple antennas. Since the MIMO BC is in general a nondegraded BC, its capacity region remains an unsolved problem. We establish a duality between what is termed the "dirty paper" achievable region (the Caire-Shamai (see Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Information Theory, Washington, DC, June 2001, p.322) achievable region) for the MIMO BC and the capacity region of the MIMO multiple-access channel (MAC), which is easy to compute. Using this duality, we greatly reduce the computational complexity required for obtaining the dirty paper achievable region for the MIMO BC. We also show that the dirty paper achievable region achieves the sum-rate capacity of the MIMO BC by establishing that the maximum sum rate of this region equals an upper bound on the sum rate of the MIMO BC.

1,802 citations


"Noncooperative Cellular Wireless wi..." refers background in this paper

  • ...An alternative to a point-to-point MIMO system is a multiuser MIMO system [3], [4], [5], [6] in which an antenna array simultaneously serves a multiplicity of autonomous terminals....

    [...]