Normal gut microbiota modulates brain development and behavior
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...…reviewed in Virgin and Todd, 2011), including susceptibility to influenza (Ichinohe et al., 2011), retrovirus transmission (Kane et al., 2011), colon cancer (Kostic et al., 2011), autoimmune demyelination (Kostic et al., 2011), and even behavior (Heijtz et al., 2011; Vijay-Kumar et al., 2010)....
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...Moreover, it has been shown that the absence and/or modification of the gut microflora in mice affects the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis response to stress (6, 7) and anxiety behavior (8, 9), which is important given the high comorbidity between functional gastrointestinal disorders and stress-related psychiatric disorders, such as anxiety and depression (10)....
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...GF mice 1460 Cell 155, 1451–1463, December 19, 2013 ª2013 Elsevier Inc. also exhibit widespread microbiota-dependent changes in brain gene expression, in pathways relevant to synaptic function and long-term potentiation (Diaz Heijtz et al., 2011)....
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...A role for commensal bacteria in modulating behavior is supported by studies revealing differences between GF and SPF mice in anxiety-like (Diaz Heijtz et al., 2011), nociceptive (Amaral et al., 2008) and social behavior (Desbonnet et al., 2013)....
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References
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"Normal gut microbiota modulates bra..." refers background in this paper
...Recent data indicate that pattern recognition receptors expressed on the microglia surface characterize one of the primary, common pathways by which neurotoxin signals affect neuronal tissues (34)....
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3,404 citations
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...Gut microbiota can elicit signals via the vagal nerve to the brain and vice versa (26, 27)....
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3,072 citations
"Normal gut microbiota modulates bra..." refers background in this paper
...One such environmental factor is the gut microbiota that, because of an evolutionary process, has adapted to coexist in commensal or symbiotic relationship with mammals (2)....
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2,300 citations
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...Our data extend previous observations from Sudo and coworkers who demonstrated that gut microbiota could modulate the levels of adreno-corticotrophic hormone (ACTH) in young mice (20), as well as findings from the Gordon laboratory reporting elevated home-cage activity counts in GF mice (21)....
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