Novel Approach to Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Monitoring Based on Transmittance and Refraction of Visible Laser Light
TL;DR: A simple, compact, and cost-effective non-invasive device using visible red laser light of wavelength 650 nm for BGM (RL-BGM) is implemented and has three major technical advantages over NIR.
Abstract: Current blood glucose monitoring (BGM) techniques are invasive as they require a finger prick blood sample, a repetitively painful process that creates the risk of infection BGM is essential to avoid complications arising due to abnormal blood glucose levels in diabetic patients Laser light-based sensors have demonstrated a superior potential for BGM Existing near-infrared (NIR)-based BGM techniques have shortcomings, such as the absorption of light in human tissue, higher signal-to-noise ratio, and lower accuracy, and these disadvantages have prevented NIR techniques from being employed for commercial BGM applications A simple, compact, and cost-effective non-invasive device using visible red laser light of wavelength 650 nm for BGM (RL-BGM) is implemented in this paper The RL-BGM monitoring device has three major technical advantages over NIR Unlike NIR, red laser light has ~30 times better transmittance through human tissue Furthermore, when compared with NIR, the refractive index of laser light is more sensitive to the variations in glucose level concentration resulting in faster response times ~7–10 s Red laser light also demonstrates both higher linearity and accuracy for BGM The designed RL-BGM device has been tested for both in vitro and in vivo cases and several experimental results have been generated to ensure the accuracy and precision of the proposed BGM sensor
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01 Nov 2009
903 citations
TL;DR: This article surveys the existing and emerging technologies that can enable this vision for the future of healthcare, particularly, in the clinical practice of healthcare and discusses the emerging directions, open issues, and challenges.
Abstract: In combination with current sociological trends, the maturing development of Internet of Things devices is projected to revolutionize healthcare. A network of body-worn sensors, each with a unique ID, can collect health data, that is, orders-of-magnitude richer than what is available today from sporadic observations in clinical/hospital environments. When databased, analyzed, and compared against information from other individuals using data analytics, Healthcare Internet of Things data enables the personalization and modernization of care with radical improvements in outcomes and reductions in cost. In this article, we survey the existing and emerging technologies that can enable this vision for the future of healthcare, particularly, in the clinical practice of healthcare. Three main technology areas underlie the development of this field: 1) sensing, where there is an increased drive for miniaturization and power efficiency; 2) communications, where the enabling factors are ubiquitous connectivity, standardized protocols, and the wide availability of cloud infrastructure; and 3) data analytics and inference, where the availability of large amounts of data and computational resources is revolutionizing algorithms for individualizing inference and actions in health management. Throughout this article, we use a case study to concretely illustrate the impact of these trends. We conclude this article with a discussion of the emerging directions, open issues, and challenges.
243 citations
Cites background from "Novel Approach to Non-Invasive Bloo..."
...Therefore, the optical-based spectroscopy sensors typically encompass a near-infrared (NIR) light source and a photon counter, which are installed on opposite sides of the tissue [151]....
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31 Jan 2018
TL;DR: How nanotechnology, through semiconductor sensing nanomaterials, has the potential to help individuals living with diabetes mellitus monitor their disease with cheap and portable devices is placed emphasis.
Abstract: The review describes the technologies used in the field of breath analysis to diagnose and monitor diabetes mellitus. Currently the diagnosis and monitoring of blood glucose and ketone bodies that are used in clinical studies involve the use of blood tests. This method entails pricking fingers for a drop of blood and placing a drop on a sensitive area of a strip which is pre-inserted into an electronic reading instrument. Furthermore, it is painful, invasive and expensive, and can be unsafe if proper handling is not undertaken. Human breath analysis offers a non-invasive and rapid method for detecting various volatile organic compounds thatare indicators for different diseases. In patients with diabetes mellitus, the body produces excess amounts of ketones such as acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetone. Acetone is exhaled during respiration. The production of acetone is a result of the body metabolising fats instead of glucose to produce energy. There are various techniques that are used to analyse exhaled breath including Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS), Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometry (PTR–MS), Selected Ion Flow Tube-Mass Spectrometry (SIFT–MS), laser photoacoustic spectrometry and so on. All these techniques are not portable, therefore this review places emphasis on how nanotechnology, through semiconductor sensing nanomaterials, has the potential to help individuals living with diabetes mellitus monitor their disease with cheap and portable devices.
146 citations
Cites background from "Novel Approach to Non-Invasive Bloo..."
...There are other complementary technologies being developed to help healthcare in monitoring diabetes mellitus non-invasively [127]....
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TL;DR: A novel BG sensor is developed which is cost efficient and highly wearable with a small data acquisition time window that allow a non-invasive, long-term continuous blood glucose monitoring (CGM) system.
Abstract: Diabetes is a worldwide-serious problem that can only be delayed or prevented by a regular monitoring of blood glucose (BG) concentration level. Continuous monitoring systems allow subjects to prepare the diabetes management strategy and prevent the long-term complications diseases. Until now, most studies utilize various biofluids such as sweat, tears and saliva that have serious unresolved setback such as expensive material, sensor stability, sensor calibration and long-settling time. Therefore, we developed a novel BG sensor which is cost efficient and highly wearable with a small data acquisition time window that allow a non-invasive, long-term continuous blood glucose monitoring (CGM) system. The novel biosensor exploits a unique information of the pulsatile to continuous components of the arterial blood volume pulsation during the change of blood glucose (BG) concentration at the wrist tissue. The reflected optical signal was measured in the combine visible-near infrared (Vis-NIR) spectroscopy. An in-vivo experiment which enclosed 12 volunteers in a two-hour modified carbohydrate-rich meals reached the average correlation coefficient ( R p ) between the estimated and reference BG concentration of 0.86, with the standard prediction error (SPE) of 6.16 mg/dl. Moreover, the full-day experiment was also conducted to test the reliability of the proposed sensor. Results showed that the created model in the previous day, may estimate a full-day BG concentration which was done in next day with an adequate performance.
97 citations
TL;DR: A novel wearable non-invasive consumer device (called iGLU 2.0) which can be used by consumers for accurate continuous blood glucose monitoring and is incorporated with Internet-of-Medical-Things (IoMT) for smart healthcare.
Abstract: People around the globe rely on their blood samples for their glucose level measurement. There is a demand for non-invasive, precise and cost-effective solutions to monitor blood glucose level and control of diabetes. Serum glucose is an accurate blood glucose measurement method in comparison to capillary glucose measurement. Presently, the serum glucose is measured through laboratory setup with an invasive approach. The invasive method is painful and is not suitable for continuous glucose measurement. In this paper, we propose a novel wearable non-invasive consumer device (called iGLU 2.0) which can be used by consumers for accurate continuous blood glucose monitoring. This device uses a novel short near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy developed by us. It is incorporated with Internet-of-Medical-Things (IoMT) for smart healthcare where the healthcare data is stored on the cloud and is accessible to the users and caregivers. Analysis of the optimized regression model is performed and the system is calibrated and validated through healthy, prediabetic and diabetic patients. The robust regression models of serum glucose level is then deployed as the mechanism for precise measurement in iGLU 2.0. The performance of iGLU 2.0 is validated with the prediction of capillary blood glucose using Average Error (AvgE) and Mean Absolute Relative Difference (mARD) which are calculated as 6.09% and 6.07%, respectively, whereas for serum glucose, AvgE and mARD are estimated as 4.88% and 4.86%, respectively.
44 citations
Cites methods from "Novel Approach to Non-Invasive Bloo..."
...Therefore, small NIR wave has been chosen for real-time glucose detection [34], [35]....
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References
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TL;DR: The chronic hyperglycemia of diabetes is associated with long-term damage, dys-function, and failure of differentorgans, especially the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and blood vessels.
13,077 citations
TL;DR: Intensive glucose control in patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes had no significant effect on the rates of major cardiovascular events, death, or microvascular complications with the exception of progression of albuminuria.
Abstract: Methods We randomly assigned 1791 military veterans (mean age, 60.4 years) who had a suboptimal response to therapy for type 2 diabetes to receive either intensive or standard glucose control. Other cardiovascular risk factors were treated uniformly. The mean number of years since the diagnosis of diabetes was 11.5, and 40% of the patients had already had a cardiovascular event. The goal in the intensive-therapy group was an absolute reduction of 1.5 percentage points in the glycated hemoglobin level, as compared with the standard-therapy group. The primary outcome was the time from randomization to the first occurrence of a major cardiovascular event, a composite of myocardial infarction, stroke, death from cardiovascular causes, congestive heart failure, surgery for vascular disease, inoperable coronary disease, and amputation for ischemic gangrene. Results The median follow-up was 5.6 years. Median glycated hemoglobin levels were 8.4% in the standard-therapy group and 6.9% in the intensive-therapy group. The primary outcome occurred in 264 patients in the standard-therapy group and 235 patients in the intensive-therapy group (hazard ratio in the intensive-therapy group, 0.88; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.74 to 1.05; P = 0.14). There was no significant difference between the two groups in any component of the primary outcome or in the rate of death from any cause (hazard ratio, 1.07; 95% CI, 0.81 to 1.42; P = 0.62). No differences between the two groups were observed for microvascular complications. The rates of adverse events, predominantly hypoglycemia, were 17.6% in the standard-therapy group and 24.1% in the intensive-therapy group. Conclusions Intensive glucose control in patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes had no significant effect on the rates of major cardiovascular events, death, or microvascular complications, with the exception of progression of albuminuria (P = 0.01). (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00032487.)
4,254 citations
TL;DR: Non-invasive electrochemical sensors and biosensors are expected to open up new exciting avenues in the field of wearable wireless sensing devices and body-sensor networks, and thus find considerable use in a wide range of personal health-care monitoring applications, as well as in sport and military applications.
916 citations
"Novel Approach to Non-Invasive Bloo..." refers background in this paper
...thermal emission spectroscopy, photoacoustic spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy [12], [18], [19]....
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01 Nov 2009
903 citations
"Novel Approach to Non-Invasive Bloo..." refers background in this paper
...There are two major types of diabetes in Type 1 diabetic patients, diabetes occurs due to the autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas whereas in Type 2 diabetics the diabetes mellitus occurs from insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency [2], [3]....
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TL;DR: This work demonstrates the broadest photoresponse with high photoresponsivity from pure monolayer graphene photodetectors, proving the potential of graphene as a promising material for efficient optoelectronic devices.
Abstract: Graphene holds great potential for use in photodetectors, owing to its ability to absorb light over a wide range of wavelengths. Here Zhang et al. report a large photoresponsivity of 8.6 AW-1 over a broad wavelength range in pure monolayer graphene.
720 citations
"Novel Approach to Non-Invasive Bloo..." refers methods in this paper
...The measured blood glucose level using RL-BGM device can change with temperature as the voltage of the photosensor depends on the temperature [40]....
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