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Journal ArticleDOI

Novel approach to recover cobalt and lithium from spent lithium-ion battery using oxalic acid.

15 Sep 2015-Journal of Hazardous Materials (J Hazard Mater)-Vol. 295, pp 112-118
TL;DR: A novel recovery process, only combined with oxalic acid leaching and filtering is developed, which can contribute to a short-cut and high-efficiency process of spent LIBs recycling toward a sound closed-loop cycle.
About: This article is published in Journal of Hazardous Materials.The article was published on 2015-09-15. It has received 358 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Lithium-ion battery & Leaching (chemistry).
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A systematic overview of rechargeable battery sustainability, with a particular focus on electric vehicles, and a 4H strategy for battery recycling with the aims of high efficiency, high economic return, high environmental benefit, and high safety are proposed.
Abstract: Tremendous efforts are being made to develop electrode materials, electrolytes, and separators for energy storage devices to meet the needs of emerging technologies such as electric vehicles, decarbonized electricity, and electrochemical energy storage. However, the sustainability concerns of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and next-generation rechargeable batteries have received little attention. Recycling plays an important role in the overall sustainability of future batteries and is affected by battery attributes including environmental hazards and the value of their constituent resources. Therefore, recycling should be considered when developing battery systems. Herein, we provide a systematic overview of rechargeable battery sustainability. With a particular focus on electric vehicles, we analyze the market competitiveness of batteries in terms of economy, environment, and policy. Considering the large volumes of batteries soon to be retired, we comprehensively evaluate battery utilization and recycling from the perspectives of economic feasibility, environmental impact, technology, and safety. Battery sustainability is discussed with respect to life-cycle assessment and analyzed from the perspectives of strategic resources and economic demand. Finally, we propose a 4H strategy for battery recycling with the aims of high efficiency, high economic return, high environmental benefit, and high safety. New challenges and future prospects for battery sustainability are also highlighted.

726 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the current status of spent lithium-ion battery recycling is summarized in light of the whole recycling process, especially focusing on the hydrometallurgy, which is used to extract metals or separate impurities from a specific waste stream so that the recycled materials or compounds can be further prepared by incorporating principles of materials engineering.
Abstract: Recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has attracted significant attention in recent years due to the increasing demand for corresponding critical metals/materials and growing pressure on the environmental impact of solid waste disposal. A range of investigations have been carried out for recycling spent LIBs to obtain either battery materials or individual compounds. For the effective recovery of materials to be enhanced, physical pretreatment is usually applied to obtain different streams of waste materials ensuring efficient separation for further processing. Subsequently, a metallurgical process is used to extract metals or separate impurities from a specific waste stream so that the recycled materials or compounds can be further prepared by incorporating principles of materials engineering. In this review, the current status of spent LIB recycling is summarized in light of the whole recycling process, especially focusing on the hydrometallurgy. In addition to understanding different hydromet...

634 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This work presents state-of-the-art fundamental research and industrial technologies related to battery recycling, with a special focus on lithium-ion battery recycling.
Abstract: Ever-growing global energy needs and environmental damage have motivated the pursuit of sustainable energy sources and storage technologies. As attractive energy storage technologies to integrate renewable resources and electric transportation, rechargeable batteries, including lead–acid, nickel–metal hydride, nickel–cadmium, and lithium-ion batteries, are undergoing unprecedented rapid development. However, the intrinsic toxicity of rechargeable batteries arising from their use of toxic materials is potentially environmentally hazardous. Additionally, the massive production of batteries consumes numerous resources, some of which are scarce. It is therefore essential to consider battery recycling when developing battery systems. Here, we provide a systematic overview of rechargeable battery recycling from a sustainable perspective. We present state-of-the-art fundamental research and industrial technologies related to battery recycling, with a special focus on lithium-ion battery recycling. We introduce the concept of sustainability through a discussion of the life-cycle assessment of battery recycling. Considering the forecasted trend of a massive number of retired power batteries from the forecasted surge in electric vehicles, their repurposing and reuse are considered from economic, technical, environmental, and market perspectives. New opportunities, challenges, and future prospects for battery recycling are then summarized. A reinterpreted 3R strategy entailing redesign, reuse, and recycling is recommended for the future development of battery recycling.

519 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A review of recent advances in recycling technologies of spent lithium-ion batteries, including the development of recycling processes, the products obtained from recycling, and the effects of recycling on environmental burdens are also highlighted.

483 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the key technological developments and scientific challenges for a broad range of Li-ion battery electrodes is presented, and the potential/capacity plots are used to compare many families of suitable materials.

5,057 citations


"Novel approach to recover cobalt an..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Lithium-ion battery (LIB) has been widely used in consumer electronics and even will be employed for the next generation of electric vehicles [1,2]....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the present status of lithium battery technology, then focus on its near future development and finally examine important new directions aimed at achieving quantum jumps in energy and power content.

4,363 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors review the current status of the recycling processes of spent lithium ion batteries, introduce the structure and components of the batteries, and summarize all available single contacts in batch mode operation, including pretreatment, secondary treatment, and deep recovery.
Abstract: Lithium-ion battery (LIB) applications in consumer electronics and electric vehicles are rapidly growing, resulting in boosting resources demand, including cobalt and lithium. So recycling of batteries will be a necessity, not only to decline the consumption of energy, but also to relieve the shortage of rare resources and eliminate the pollution of hazardous components, toward sustainable industries related to consumer electronics and electric vehicles. The authors review the current status of the recycling processes of spent LIBs, introduce the structure and components of the batteries, and summarize all available single contacts in batch mode operation, including pretreatment, secondary treatment, and deep recovery. Additionally, many problems and prospect of the current recycling processes will be presented and analyzed. It is hoped that this effort would stimulate further interest in spent LIBs recycling and in the appreciation of its benefits.

610 citations


"Novel approach to recover cobalt an..." refers background or result in this paper

  • ...All the obtained results from theory and experiments show that LiCoO2 can be leached using oxalic acid without an assistance from H2O2....

    [...]

  • ...Regarding small e-waste such as spent LIBs, mechanical crushing and screening are thought to be easier in industrial application than manual dismantling [18]....

    [...]

  • ...Meanwhile, the relevant previous studies and this work were compared to discuss here [16,18,29]....

    [...]

  • ...3H+ + LiCoO2(s) + H2O2 = Li+ + Co2+ + 3/2H2O + 1/4O2↑ (1) 4H2C2O4 + 2LiCoO2 = LiHC2O4 + 2CoC2O4↓ + 4H2O + 2CO2↑ (2) H2C2O4 + Li2C2O4 = 2LiHC2O4 (3) H2C2O4 + CoC2O4 = Co(HC2O4)2 (4) 3H2C2O4 + Al = Al(HC2O4)3 + 3/2H2↑ (5) 3H2C2O4 + Fe = Fe(HC2O4)3 + 3/2H2↑ (6) Significant differences of the oxalates exist in the solubility in water (see SM Table S2)....

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  • ...Previous studies also indicate that LiCoO2 can be leached with strong acid as chemical reaction (1), sometimes assisted by hydrogen peroxide solution (H2O2) [18]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
Li Li1, Jing Ge1, Feng Wu1, Renjie Chen1, Shi Chen1, Borong Wu1 
TL;DR: This hydrometallurgical process is found to be simple, environmentally friendly and adequate for the recovery of valuable metals from spent LIBs.

439 citations


"Novel approach to recover cobalt an..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Previous studies also indicate that LiCoO2 can be leached with strong acid as chemical reaction (1), sometimes assisted by hydrogen peroxide solution (H2O2) [18]....

    [...]

  • ...3H+ + LiCoO2(s) + H2O2 = Li+ + Co2+ + 3/2H2O + 1/4O2↑ (1) 4H2C2O4 + 2LiCoO2 = LiHC2O4 + 2CoC2O4↓ + 4H2O + 2CO2↑ (2) H2C2O4 + Li2C2O4 = 2LiHC2O4 (3) H2C2O4 + CoC2O4 = Co(HC2O4)2 (4) 3H2C2O4 + Al = Al(HC2O4)3 + 3/2H2↑ (5) 3H2C2O4 + Fe = Fe(HC2O4)3 + 3/2H2↑ (6) Significant differences of the oxalates exist in the solubility in water (see SM Table S2)....

    [...]

  • ...This obtained result can appropriately improve the existed research that LiCoO2 can be dissolved into oxalic acid with an assistance of H2O2 [15]....

    [...]

  • ...All the obtained results from theory and experiments show that LiCoO2 can be leached using oxalic acid without an assistance from H2O2....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results demonstrate that according to U.S. federal regulations, defunct Li-ion batteries are classified hazardous due to their lead (Pb) content, but in some of the Li-ions tested, the leached concentrations of chromium, lead, and thallium exceeded the California regulation limits.
Abstract: Rechargeable lithium-ion (Li-ion) and lithium-polymer (Li-poly) batteries have recently become dominant in consumer electronic products because of advantages associated with energy density and product longevity. However, the small size of these batteries, the high rate of disposal of consumer products in which they are used, and the lack of uniform regulatory policy on their disposal means that lithium batteries may contribute substantially to environmental pollution and adverse human health impacts due to potentially toxic materials. In this research, we used standardized leaching tests, life-cycle impact assessment (LCIA), and hazard assessment models to evaluate hazardous waste classification, resource depletion potential, and toxicity potentials of lithium batteries used in cellphones. Our results demonstrate that according to U.S. federal regulations, defunct Li-ion batteries are classified hazardous due to their lead (Pb) content (average 6.29 mg/L; σ = 11.1; limit 5). However, according to Californ...

346 citations


"Novel approach to recover cobalt an..." refers background in this paper

  • ...On the other hand, LIBs can regularly release toxic organic compound and then cause an inescapable risk for environment and public health while disposed improperly [10,11]....

    [...]