Novel “Concentrated Solar Energy Soldering (CSES) Technique” - a Feasibility Study
01 Mar 2019-
TL;DR: The CSES technique can be used to solder on-site electronics components used in nuclear, space, automobiles, computer hardware, electronic circuits used in process equipment's, etc and in the remote areas CSES will be useful to solder various components, circuits, etc.
Abstract: Concentrated solar energy (CSE) is being used for material processing. In this work, CSE is applied for soldering and named as the “Concentrated Solar Energy Soldering (CSES) technique”. A Fresnel lens along with a two-axis sun tracker to concentrate the solar energy required for soldering is used. Cu substrates are soldered with CSES technique using SAC 305 & SACX 0307 lead-free solders. Feasibility study along with the initial results are discussed. CSES technique, a green technology is found to be encouraging. The CSES technique can be used to solder on-site electronics components used in nuclear, space, automobiles, computer hardware, electronic circuits used in process equipment's, etc. Specifically, in the remote areas CSES will be useful to solder various components, circuits, etc.
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Journal Article•
28,685 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, concentrated solar energy (CSE) is applied for soldering and is named as the “Concentrated Solar Energy Soldering (CSES) technique, and lead-free solders are used for comparing novel CSES technique solder joints with CSI (Conventional Soldering Iron) solder joints.
Abstract: In this study, “Concentrated Solar Energy (CSE)” is applied for soldering and is named as the “Concentrated Solar Energy Soldering (CSES) technique.” Lead-free solders are used for comparing novel CSES technique solder joints with CSI (Conventional Soldering Iron) solder joints. Tensile strength, bending/flexural strength, microhardness, electrical resistivity, fractography, optical microstructures, SEM microstructures, and EDS analysis were used to compare CSES solder joints with CSI solder joints. The salt spray test (SST) was used for corrosion analysis of CSES and CSI solder joints. Experimental results reveal that the tensile response, bending strength, and microhardness of the CSES solder joints were almost equal to those of the CSI solder joints. It was observed that after corrosion, the tensile strength, bending strength, and microhardness for CSES and CSI solder joints reduced. CSES solder joints were found to be slightly better than CSI solder joints for electrical resistivity. Electrical resistivity for all the cases studied was found to increase slightly after corrosion. Interfacial integrity and effect of corrosion were clearly observed on CSES and CSI solder joint microstructures. The intermetallic compounds (IMC) formed in case of CSES solder joints were found to be having slightly less thickness than that of CSI solder joints. The results demonstrate CSES technique as a green technology and a potential substitute to the CSI method.
9 citations
Cites methods or result from "Novel “Concentrated Solar Energy So..."
...-e initial results achieved with CSES technique were promising [22]....
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...In this study, concentrating solar energy is applied for soldering and named as the “Concentrated Solar Energy Soldering (CSES) technique” [22]....
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01 Jan 2021
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used a Fresnel lens accompanied by a two-axis sun tracker to concentrate the solar energy needed for soldering, which can be used to solder on-site electronics apparatuses used in nuclear, space, automobiles, computer hardware, etc.
Abstract: Since the start of electronics, soldering has been studied a dynamicactivity in the design of hi-techmicroelectronic circuitry, and substantialimprovement in soldering practices is perceived in the near future. Concentrated solar energy (CSE) is being used for material treating. In this study, CSE is utilized for soldering and named as the “Concentrated Solar Energy Soldering (CSES) technique.” A Fresnel lens accompanied by a two-axis sun tracker to concentrate the solar energy needed for soldering is used. CSES technique, a green technology, is discovered to be promising. The CSES technique can be used to solderon-site electronics apparatuses used in nuclear, space, automobiles, computer hardware, electronic circuits used in process equipment’s, etc. Exclusively, in the secluded areas, CSES will be beneficial to solder numerous components, circuits, etc.
4 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, concentrated solar energy soldering (CSES) technique is applied for soldering newly developed Gallium added Sn-0.7Cu Lead-Free solder and evaluated with CSI (Conventional Soldering Iron) solder joints.
Abstract: Concentrated Solar Energy Soldering (CSES) technique is applied for soldering newly developed Gallium added Sn–0.7Cu Lead-Free solder and evaluated with CSI (Conventional Soldering Iron) solder joints. Tensile strength, bending/flexural strength, microhardness, optical microstructures, SEM microstructures and EDS analysis were utilized to relate CSES solder joints with CSI solder joints. Salt spray test (SST) was employed for corrosion analysis of CSES and CSI solder joints. Experimental findings disclose that the tensile response, bending strength and microhardness of the CSES solder joints were very nearly identical to that of the CSI solder joints. It was witnessed that post-corrosion, the tensile strength, bending strength and microhardness for CSES and CSI solder joints lowered. Further, with Gallium add-on, microstructure and mechanical properties enhanced. The results establish CSES technique as a green technology and a prospective alternative to CSI method.
2 citations
07 Dec 2020
TL;DR: One of the main issues faced by a solder joint is corrosion and variety of procedures are taken up to reduce corrosion in solder joint.
Abstract: The unstoppable need and fast paced progress in the field of science and technology related trades has unlocked the door and set in new frontiers for researchers across the world, specifically those in the field of electronics. Out of many areas the one with a huge impact is the soldering technology.Ever since the birth of electronic era, soldering is seen as an important assembly having interconnectedness with technological and electronic products and this particular field is known to have a bright future over time. These solder joints have been seen as feeble associates of electronic products and the consistency of every single joint can be in charge of an electronic product's entire lifetime. To define soldering in simple terms, it encompasses the reaction of chemicals between the solder and the couple of surfaces combined together and subsequently the vitality of getting to know about the chemical reactions between the solders and bonding surfaces. Certain limitations towards the usage of hazardous substances (RoHs) that prohibits using lead-based solder because of safety and health issues have been important factors to uplift and develop new solder technology from lead-free solder. Trials are to overcome when the newly formed solder holds exactly analogous features with Sn-Pb solders. But then, these new solder alloys are said to have concerns with corrosion behavior. One of the main issues faced by a solder joint is corrosion and variety of procedures are taken up to reduce corrosion in solder joint. For this purpose, popularly SST (Salt Spray Test) is executed on the solder joints to check its corrosion effect. This study discusses the overview of corrosion in solder joints.
1 citations
References
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Journal Article•
28,685 citations
"Novel “Concentrated Solar Energy So..." refers background in this paper
...Due to environment concerns of Sn37Pb eutectic solder, Sn-Ag-Cu solder is being developed as substitute solder alloy [21]....
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...5Cu (SAC 305) solder is the utmost common in microelectronic applications [21]....
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TL;DR: A survey of the various types of solar thermal collectors and applications is presented in this paper, where an analysis of the environmental problems related to the use of conventional sources of energy is presented and the benefits offered by renewable energy systems are outlined.
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TL;DR: This paper reviews the present day solar thermal technologies and performance analyses of existing designs, mathematical simulation, design and fabrication of innovative designs with suggested improvements have been discussed.
Abstract: The use of solar energy in recent years has reached a remarkable edge. The continuous research for an alternative power source due to the perceived scarcity of fuel fossils is its driving force. It has become even more popular as the cost of fossil fuel continues to rise. The earth receives in just 1 h, more energy from the sun than what we consume in the whole world for 1 year. Its application was proven to be most economical, as most systems in individual uses requires but a few kilowatt of power. This paper reviews the present day solar thermal technologies. Performance analyses of existing designs (study), mathematical simulation (design) and fabrication of innovative designs with suggested improvements (development) have been discussed in this paper.
640 citations
TL;DR: This review discusses fundamental research activity and its focus on the solidification and interfacial reactions of Sn-based solder systems, and first explains the reactions between common base materials, coatings, and metallisations, and then proceed to more complex systems with additional alloying elements.
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Book•
26 Nov 2012
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a survey of lenses and mirrors for photovoltaic and thermal concentrators, including the Optimum Linear Lens (OLL) and Diverger Lens for lighting.
Abstract: Executive Summary.- 1 Lenses and Mirrors for Solar Energy.- 1.1 Photovoltaic or Thermal Concentration?.- 1.2 Classification of Solar Concentrators.- 2 Nonimaging Optics.- 2.1 Nonimaging Concentration.- 2.2 Generalized Ideal Concentration.- 2.3 Lagrange Invariant.- 2.4 Nonimaging Mirrors.- 3 Fresnel Lens Optics.- 3.1 Reflection and Refraction.- 3.2 Total Internal Reflection.- 3.3 Deviation.- 3.4 Refractive Indices.- 3.5 Minimum Dispersion.- 4 Earlier Fresnel Lenses.- 4.1 History of Fresnel Lenses.- 4.2 Recent Developments.- 4.3 Simple Fresnel Lenses.- 4.4 Domed or Arched Fresnel Lenses.- 5 Nonimaging Fresnel Lens Design.- 5.1 Applied Nonimaging Lens Design.- 5.2 The Optimum Linear Lens.- 5.3 Rotational Symmetry.- 5.4 Arbitrary Shapes.- 5.5 Diverger Lens for Lighting.- 6 Lens Evaluation.- 6.1 Losses.- 6.2 Transmittance.- 6.3 Geometrical Losses.- 6.4 Concentration Ratios.- 6.5 Nonideal Concentration.- 7 Optimization of Stationary Concentrators.- 7.1 Choice of Stationary Collector.- 7.2 Solar Radiation Model.- 7.3 Radiation on a Tilted Plane.- 7.4 Acceptance by a Solar Concentrator.- 7.5 Compound Parabolic Concentrators.- 7.6 Quasi-3D Concentrators.- 8 Prototype Design, Manufacturing, and Testing.- 8.1 Prototypes of Choice.- 8.2 Prism Size.- 8.3 Lens Redesign.- 8.4 Lens Manufacturing.- 8.5 Sample.- 8.6 Preliminary Tests.- 8.7 Partial Absorber Illumination.- 8.8 Tracking.- 9 Concentrated Sunlight and Photovoltaic Conversion.- 9.1 Flux Density.- 9.2 Solar Disk Size and Brightness.- 9.3 Spectral Color Dispersion.- 9.4 Concentrator Cells.- 9.5 Multijunction Devices.- 9.6 Photovoltaic System Performance.- 9.7 Concentration and Cost.- 10 Solar Thermal Concentrator Systems.- 10.1 Solar Resources.- 10.2 Solar Sorption Air Conditioning.- 10.3 Energy and Exergy.- 10.4 Exergy of a Concentrating Collector.- 11 Solar Concentration in Space.- 11.1 Space Concentrator Arrays.- 11.2 Design Challenges in Space.- 11.3 Lenses and Mirrors!.- References.
175 citations
"Novel “Concentrated Solar Energy So..." refers background in this paper
...Furthermore, Fresnel lenses are known to be less prone toward manufacturing errors [13]....
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