Numerical and Experimental Investigations of Asphalt Pavement Behaviour, Taking into Account Interface Bonding Conditions
01 Jan 2020-Vol. 5, Iss: 2, pp 21
TL;DR: In this paper, the actual interaction between pavement layers was taken into account by introducing a horizontal shear reaction modulus which represents the interface bonding condition for a given state, and the analytical solution was then implemented in a numerical program before doing forward calculations for sensitivity analysis.
Abstract: The interface bond between layers plays an important role in the behavior of pavement structure. However, this aspect has not yet been adequately considered in the pavement analysis process due to the lack of advanced characterizations of actual condition. In many pavement design procedures, only completely bonded or unbounded interfaces between the layers are considered. For the purpose of the better evaluation of the asphalt pavement behavior, this work focused on its investigation taking into account the actual interface bonding condition between the asphalt layers. Based on the layered theory developed by Burmister (1943), the actual interaction between pavement layers was taken into account by introducing a horizontal shear reaction modulus which represents the interface bonding condition for a given state. The analytical solution was then implemented in a numerical program before doing forward calculations for sensitivity analysis which highlights the influence of the interface bonding conditions on the structural behaviors of asphalt pavement under a static load. Furthermore, the numerical program was applied through an original experimental case study where falling weight deflectometer (FWD) tests were carried out on two full-scale pavement structures with or without a geogrid at the interface between the asphalt layers. Backcalculations of the FWD measurements allowed determining field condition of the interface bond between the asphalt layers. The obtained values of the interface shear modulus in pavement structure with a geogrid are smaller than the ones in pavement structure without geogrid. Moreover, all of these values representing field performance are at the same order of magnitude as those from dynamic interlayer shear testing.
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01 Nov 1983
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an overview of the state-of-the-art in the field of developpement of deconvolution in the context of infrastructure.
Abstract: LES PROGRES REALISES PAR LA MECANIQUE DES CHAUSSEES EN METHODOLOGIE DE DIMENSIONNEMENT ONT ENTRAINE, SUR LE PLAN DES MOYENS D'AUSCULTATION, DES BESOINS DANS LE DOMAINE DE LA CONNAISSANCE DES CONTRAINTES ET DEFORMATIONS DANS LES COUCHES DE CHAUSSEES. L'OVALISATION, TECHNIQUE FONDEE SUR LA MESURE DE LA DEFORMATION D'UN TROU DE CAROTTAGE AU PASSAGE D'UNE CHARGE ROULANTE, REPOND A CETTE DEMANDE MOYENNANT L'APPUI DE MODELES THEORIQUES QUI PERMETTENT DE S'AFFRANCHIR DE LA CAVITE NECESSAIRE A L'ESSAI MAIS GENANTE AU PLAN DE L'INTERPRETATION. L'ARTICLE RAPPELLE LE PRINCIPE DE LA MESURE DEJA DECRIT DANS UN PRECEDENT NUMERO ET PRESENTE L'ESSAI D'OVALISATION APRES L'EVOLUTION DE CES DERNIERES ANNEES. LE NOUVEL APPAREILLAGE PERMET LA MESURE SIMULTANEE DE LA DEFORMATION DE LA CAVITE DANS TROIS DIRECTIONS D'UN MEME NIVEAU, POUR DES VITESSES DE CHARGEMENT POUVANT ATTEINDRE QUELQUES DIZAINES DE KM/H. TROIS MODELES EXPLICATIFS, SUPPORTS AU DEPOUILLEMENT DES MESURES, SONT DECRITS. LE PLUS RECENT, FONDE SUR LA METHODE DES ELEMENTS FINIS, CONSTITUE UN OUTIL TRES EFFICACE PERMETTANT L'INTERPRETATION DANS LES CAS LES PLUS DIFFICILES. UN EXEMPLE D'APPLICATION EST TRAITE. IL MONTRE LA PLACE DE CET ESSAI DANS LA PANOPLIE DES MOYENS PLUS TRADITIONNELS. TOUTES LES ETAPES DE CET ESSAI ET DE SON INTERPRETATION SON EXAMINEES : IMPLANTATION - MESURES - DEPOUILLEMENT - ANALYSE - EXPLOITATION. LE DOMAINE D'APPLICATION DE L'OVALISATION COUVRE AUSSI BIEN LES ETUDES DE RENFORCEMENT (DETERMINATION D'EPAISSEURS) QUE LES ETUDES D'EVALUATION DES STRUCTURES. (A).
2 citations
05 Apr 2020
TL;DR: In this article, a special issue "Recent Advances and Future Trends in Pavement Engineering" has been proposed and organized to present recent developments in the field of innovative pavement materials and engineering, from recycled asphalt pavements to alkaliactivated materials, from hot mix asphalt concrete to porous asphalt concrete, from interface bonding to modal analysis, from destructive testing to non-destructive pavement monitoring by using fiber optics sensors.
Abstract: This Special Issue “Recent Advances and Future Trends in Pavement Engineering” has been proposed and organized to present recent developments in the field of innovative pavement materials and engineering. For this reason, the articles and state-of-the-art reviews highlighted in this editorial relate to different aspects of pavement engineering, from recycled asphalt pavements to alkali-activated materials, from hot mix asphalt concrete to porous asphalt concrete, from interface bonding to modal analysis, from destructive testing to non-destructive pavement monitoring by using fiber optics sensors.
1 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors evaluated the effects of various types of tack coat materials on interlayer bond strength and to determine the optimal application rate for each type for a hot mix asphalt concrete pavements.
Abstract: The performance and lifetime of the flexible asphalt pavement are mainly dependent on the interfacial bond strength between layer courses. To enhance the bond between layers, adhesive materials, such as tack coats, are used. The tack coat itself is a bituminous material, which is applied on an existing relatively non-absorbent surface to ensure a strong bond between the old and newly paved layer. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of various types of tack coat materials on interlayer bond strength and to determine the optimal application rate for each type. The tack coat types used in this paper were RC-70, RC-250, and CSS-1h. Both laboratory-prepared and field-constructed hot mix asphalt concrete pavements using the tack coats were tested for the binding strength between the layers. A direct shear test was used for the testing. The results obtained from the study showed that the optimum application rate for RC-70 was 0.1 L/m2, and for RC-250, it was 0.2 L/m2, while the optimum application rate for CSS-1h was 0.1 L/m2. From the field test, the optimum application rate of the RC-250 tack coat was 0.1 L/m2.
References
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Book•
01 Nov 1992
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present the theory of pavement design and review the methods developed by several organizations, such as the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), the Asphalt Institute (AI), and the Portland Cement Association (PCA).
Abstract: This is a textbook on the structural analysis and design of highway pavements. It presents the theory of pavement design and reviews the methods developed by several organizations, such as the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), the Asphalt Institute (AI), and the Portland Cement Association (PCA). It can be used for an undergraduate course by skipping the appendices or as an advanced graduate course by including them. The book is organized in 13 chapters. Chapter 1 introduces the historical development of pavement design, the major road tests, the various design factors, and the differences in design concepts among highway pavements, airport pavements, and railroad trackbeds. Chapter 2 discusses stresses and strains in flexible pavements. Chapter 3 presents the KENLAYER computer program, based on Burmister's layered theory, including theoretical developments, program description, comparison with available solutions, and sensitivity analysis on the effect of various factors on pavement responses. Chapter 4 discusses stresses and deflections in rigid pavements due to curling, loading, and friction, as well as the design of dowels and joints. Influence charts for determining stresses and deflections are also presented. Chapter 5 presents the KENSLABS computer program, based on the finite element method, including theoretical developments, program description, comparison with available solutions, and sensitivity analysis. Chapter 6 discusses the concept of equivalent single-wheel and single-axle loads and the prediction of traffic. Chapter 7 describes the material characterization for mechanistic-empirical methods of pavement design including the determination of resilient modulus, fatigue and permanent deformation properties, and the modulus of subgrade reaction. Chapter 8 outlines the subdrainage design including general principles, drainage materials, and design procedures. Chapter 9 discusses pavement performance including distress, serviceability, skid resistance, nondestructive testing, and the evaluation of pavement performance. Chapter 10 illustrates the reliability concept of pavement design in which the variabilities of traffic, material, and geometric parameters are all taken into consideration. A probabilistic procedure, developed by Rosenblueth, is described and two probabilistic computer programs including VESYS for flexible pavements and PMRPD for rigid pavements are discussed. Chapter 11 outlines an idealistic mechanistic method of flexible pavement design and presents in detail the AI method and the AASHTO method, as well as the design of flexible pavement shoulders. Chapter 12 outlines an idealistic mechanistic method of rigid pavement design and presents in detail the PCA method and the AASHTO method. The design of continuous reinforced concrete pavements and rigid pavement shoulders is also included. Chapter 13 outlines the design of overlay on both flexible and rigid pavements including the AASHTO, AI, and PCA procedures. An Author Index and a Subject Index are provided.
2,667 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a linkage type element is developed for adding rock joint stiffness to the structural stiffness matrix describing the behavior of a system of rock blocks and joints and a new classification of joints is introduced, based on the application of the joint element to finite element analysis of structures in jointed rock.
Abstract: The representation of discontinuities in analysis of blocky rock is discussed. A linkage type element is developed for addition of rock joint stiffness to the structural stiffness matrix describing the behavior of a system of rock blocks and joints. Several basic problems of jointed rock are studied. These examples demonstrate the marked influence joints may have on the stress distribution, displacements, and failure pattern of an underground opening or other structures in jointed rock. A new classification of joints is introduced, based on the application of the joint element to finite element analysis of structures in jointed rock. Normal stiffness, tangential stiffness, and shear strength are used as parameters in the classification system. The methods discussed in this paper allow a jointed rock mass to be treated as a system of blocks and links. Just as analysis of a reinforced concrete building requires detailed knowledge of the behavior of concrete alone and steel alone, the joint stiffness approach calls for and uses detailed description of the behavior of rock blocks and rock joints independently.
1,186 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a general theory of stresses and displacements in a two-layer system is developed in order to provide the engineer with a useful tool which is more directly applicable to the analysis of actual conditions encountered in soil deposits.
Abstract: The problems of airport and foundation engineering have become increasingly important in the war construction program. These problems frequently involve the consideration of stresses and settlements in layered soil deposits. The well‐known Boussinesq equations apply strictly only to homogeneous soil deposits. The general theory of stresses and displacements in a twolayer system is developed in order to provide the engineer with a useful tool which is more directly applicable to the analysis of actual conditions encountered in soil deposits. The basic equations of stresses and settlements are derived. The numerical evaluation of the surface settlement equation for the simplest case of Poisson's ratio equal to one‐half has been completed as the first of a series, and is presented in the form of influence curves for the analysis of practical problems.
508 citations
01 Jan 1944
TL;DR: In this paper, the theory of stress in a two-layered system was developed in accordance with the MATHEMATICAL Theory of ELASTICITY and is presented in order to reveal some of the fundamental relations existing between the PHYSICAL FACTORS, which control the LOAD-SETTLEMENT RELATIONS.
Abstract: THEORIES OF LAYERED SOIL DEPOSITS ARE REVIEWED. THE THEORY OF STRESSES ARE DISPLACEMENTS IN A TWO-LAYERED SYSTEM WAS DEVELOPED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE METHODS OF THE MATHEMATICAL THEORY OF ELASTICITY AND IS PRESENTED IN ORDER TO REVEAL SOME OF THE FUNDAMENTAL RELATIONS EXISTING BETWEEN THE PHYSICAL FACTORS, WHICH CONTROL THE LOAD-SETTLEMENT RELATIONS, AND IN ORDER TO PROVIDE A PRACTICAL METHOD OF ANALYSIS FOR THE DESIGN OF AIRPORT RUNWAYS. THE THEORY REVEALS THE CONTROLLING INFLUENCE OF TWO IMPORTANT RATIOS ON THE LOAD-SETTLEMENT CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TWO-LAYER SYSTEM: (1) THE RATIO OF THE RADIUS OF THE BEARING AREA TO THE THICKNESS OF THE REINFORCING OR PAVEMENT LAYER, AND (2) THE RATIO OF THE MODULUS OF THE SUBGRADE TO THAT OF THE PAVEMENT, FOR PRACTICAL DESIGN PURPOSES, THE THEORETICAL RESULTS WERE EVALUATED NUMERICALLY AND EXPRESSED IN BASIC INFLUENCE CURVES, GIVING VALUES OF THE SETTLEMENT COEFFICIENT IN TERMS OF THESE BASIC RATIOS. THE SETTLEMENT COEFFICIENT IS APPLIED AS A SIMPLE MULTIPLYING OR CORRECTION FACTOR TO THE BOUSSINESQ EQUATION FOR SURFACE SETTLEMENT AT THE CENTER OF A CIRCULAR FLEXIBLE BEARING AREA. THE DESIGN FOR AIRPORT RUNWAYS INVOLVES THE SELECTION OF SUITABLE TYPES OF PAVEMENT CONSTRUCTION AND THE DETERMINATION BY THE INFLUENCE CURVES FOR THE TWO-LAYER SYSTEM OF THE THICKNESS REQUIRED TO GIVE ADEQUATE SUPPORT TO AIRPLANE WHEEL LOADS AND REASONABLE LENGTH OF SERVICE. FIELD LOAD TEST CHECKS OF QUALITY AND STRENGTH CAN BE MADE DURING CONSTRUCTION ON: (1) THE NATURAL SUBGRADE TO DETERMINE TENTATIVELY THE THICKNESS OF BASE COURSE AND PAVEMENT REQUIRED, (2) TOP OF THE BASE COURSE TO CHECK THE QUALITY AND STRENGTH AT THIS STAGE OF CONSTRUCTION, AND (3) TOP OF THE FINISHED PAVEMENT TO CHECK THE EFFECTIVE SUPPORTING CAPACITY OF THE WHOLE PAVEMENT CONSTRUCTION.
231 citations
"Numerical and Experimental Investig..." refers methods in this paper
...Burmister [1] first derived the analytical solutions for a two-layered elastic system and subsequently extended them to a three-layered system [2–4]....
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01 Dec 2005
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of tack coat type, application rate, mixture type, testing temperature and normal pressure on the bond strength between pavement layers were evaluated, and it was found that all of the main factors used in the test plan affected bond strength.
Abstract: The primary objective of this project was to develop a test for measuring the bond strength between pavement layers. The research was also to evaluate tack coat materials and application rates for the Alabama Department of Transportation (ALDOT). The project included a laboratory phase and a field phase. For the laboratory work, the experiment included two types of emulsion (CRS-2 and CSS-1) and a PG 64-22 asphalt binder that are allowed by ALDOT’s specifications. Bond strengths were measured with a shear type device at three temperatures and three normal pressure levels. Three application rates that encompassed the specification range were investigated for each tack coat. Laboratory prepared mixture samples included a coarse-graded blend and a fine-graded blend to represent two different surface textures. The effects of tack coat type, application rate, mixture type, testing temperature and normal pressure on the bond strength were evaluated. In the laboratory phase, it was found that all of the main factors used in the test plan affected bond strength. Testing temperature had the most significant impact on bond strength. As the temperature increases, bond strength decreases significantly. Testing normal pressure affected bond strength differently for high, intermediate, and low temperatures. The PG 64-22 had higher bond strength than the two emulsions, especially for the fine-graded mixture tested at high temperature. For the range studied, tack coat with low application rates generally provided high bond strength for the fine-graded mixture. However, for the coarse-graded mixture, bond strength does not change much when application rate varies. The two mixture types provided different bond strengths. The influences of tack coat type and application rate on bond strength are different for the fine-graded and coarse-graded mixtures. Based on the laboratory work, a draft procedure was developed for determining the bond strength between pavement layers. An easy to use procedure was selected that was believed to provide a good indication of the quality of the bond. The procedure utilizes the simple shear device developed by National Center for Asphalt Technology (NCAT) which is similar to bond strength devices used in several European countries. The draft procedure is based on a test temperature of 77oF and a loading rate of two inches/minute. The draft bond strength procedure was validated in the field phase of the study. Test sections with different tack coat application rates were set up on seven paving projects. For each test section, the actual application rates were measured and cores were taken to measure the bond strength using the draft procedure. On a few projects, the measured tack coat application rates were significantly lower than the range targeted by the specifications. A key finding of the field study was that the bond strength between pavement layers is significantly enhanced for milled surfaces. Good bond strengths were obtained for both emulsion and paving grade asphalt tack coats applications.
183 citations