Numerical Investigation of the Effect of Vertical Load on the Lateral Response of Piles
01 May 2007-Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering (American Society of Civil Engineers)-Vol. 133, Iss: 5, pp 512-521
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of vertical loads on the lateral response of piles was analyzed in both homogeneous clayey and homogeneous sandy soils and it was shown that vertical loads significantly increase the capacity of piles in sandy and marginally decrease the capacity in clayey soils.
Abstract: The laboratory and field test data on the response of piles under the combined action of vertical and lateral loads is rather limited. The current practice for design of piles is to consider the vertical and lateral loads independent of each other. This paper presents some results from three-dimensional finite-element analyses that show the significant influence of vertical loads on a pile's lateral response. The analyses were performed in both homogeneous clayey soils and homogeneous sandy soils. The results have shown that the influence of vertical loads on the lateral response of piles is to significantly increase the capacity in sandy soils and marginally decrease the capacity in clayey soils. In general, it was found that the effect of vertical loads in sandy soils is significant even for long piles, which are as long as 30 times the pile width, while in the case of clayey soils, the effect is not significant for piles beyond a length of 15 times the width of the pile. The design bending moments in the laterally loaded piles were also found to be dependent on the level of vertical load on the piles.
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TL;DR: In this article, an analytical method for developing a theoretical load-settlement curve for axially loaded piles in clay is presented based on the correlation of the ratio of load transfer to soil shear strength as a function of pile movement.
Abstract: An analytical method for developing a theoretical load-settlement curve for axially loaded piles in clay is presented. The method is based on the correlation of the ratio of load transfer to soil shear strength as a function of pile movement. The results of studies of field tests of instrumented piles and laboratory tests of small piles in clay are used to obtain the desired correlation. The correlation is presented in the form of a family of curves that are obtained when the ratios of load transfer to soil shear strength versus pile movement are plotted as a function of depth. The validity of the family of correlation curves is checked by comparing computed and actual load-settlement curves for some typical field tests. Results obtained by this method indicate that the method may be used effectively to determine load-carrying capacity for axially loaded piles in clay.
352 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the present state of knowledge concerning geotechnical and structural issues affecting foundation types under consideration for the support structures of offshore wind turbines, and recommendations for future research and development are provided.
Abstract: Offshore wind is a source of clean, renewable energy of great potential value to the power industry in the context of a low carbon society. Rapid development of offshore wind energy depends on a good understanding of technical issues related to offshore wind turbines, which is spurring ongoing research and development programmes. Foundations of offshore wind turbines present one of the main challenges in offshore wind turbine design. This paper reviews the present state of knowledge concerning geotechnical and structural issues affecting foundation types under consideration for the support structures of offshore wind turbines, and provides recommendations for future research and development.
214 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the behavior of a single pile in sand under combined uplift and lateral load was investigated using physical scaling laws, based on adopted material properties of model and prototype pile foundations.
Abstract: 1-g model experiments were carried out in the laboratory to investigate the behavior of a single pile in sand under combined uplift and lateral load. Dimensions of the model pile were ascertained using physical scaling laws, based on adopted material properties of model and prototype pile foundations. The model pile is made up of aluminum and has outer and inner diameters of 25.4 and 19.0 mm, respectively. Different length-to-diameter ratios of 18, 28, and 38 are considered by varying the pile length to simulate behavior of both stiff and flexible piles. The test tank dimensions were chosen such that boundary effects are minimized. The size of the model steel tank is 1.0×1.0×1.2 m (depth). Experiments were performed on single piles embedded in sandy soil under independent uplift and lateral loading, and combined lateral and uplift loading. Results indicate that the load-deflection behavior is nonlinear for independent uplift and lateral load tests, as well as in the case of combined loading. It i...
67 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a series of three-dimensional finite differences analyses is conducted to evaluate the influence of vertical loads on the lateral performance of pile foundations in three idealized sandy and clayey soil profiles: a homogeneous soil layer, a layer with modulus proportional to depth, and two-layered strata.
Abstract: Although the load applied to pile foundations is usually a combination of vertical and lateral components, there have been few investigations on the behavior of piles subjected to combined loadings. Those few studies led to inconsistent results with regard to the effects of vertical loads on the lateral response of piles. A series of three-dimensional (3D) finite differences analyses is conducted to evaluate the influence of vertical loads on the lateral performance of pile foundations. Three idealized sandy and clayey soil profiles are considered: a homogeneous soil layer, a layer with modulus proportional to depth, and two-layered strata. The pile material is modeled as linearly elastic, while the soil is idealized using the Mohr–Coulomb constitutive model with a non-associated flow rule. In order to confirm the findings of this study, soils in some cases are further modeled using more sophisticated models (i.e. CYsoil model for sandy soils and modified Cam-Clay (MCC) model for clayey soils). Numerical results showed that the lateral resistance of the piles does not appear to vary considerably with the vertical load in sandy soil especially at the loosest state. However, the presence of a vertical load on a pile embedded in homogeneous or inhomogeneous clay is detrimental to its lateral capacity, and it is unconservative to design piles in clays assuming that there is no interaction between vertical and lateral loads. Moreover, the current results indicate that the effect of vertical loads on the lateral response of piles embedded in two-layered strata depends on the characteristics of soil not only surrounding the piles but also located beneath their tips.
58 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a pile with fins is proposed to deal with large lateral loads on pile foundation supporting structures, such as bridge abutments, retaining walls, and structures subjected to wind-earthquake loads.
Abstract: Large lateral loads may act on pile foundation supporting structures, such as bridge abutments, retaining walls, and structures subjected to wind–earthquake loads. A pile with fins is a newly devel...
57 citations
References
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Book•
01 Jan 1968
TL;DR: In this paper, Fondation de soutenagement et al. presented a reference record for Dimensionnement Reference Record created on 2004-09-07, modified on 2016-08-08.
Abstract: Keywords: Fondation ; Mur de soutenement ; Pieux ; Capacite portante ; Ancrage ; Dimensionnement Reference Record created on 2004-09-07, modified on 2016-08-08
2,573 citations
Book•
01 May 1990
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a consistent theoretical approach to the prediction of pile deformation and load capacity, and present parametric solutions for a wide range of cases, demonstrating how such solutions can be used for design purposes, and review the applicability of these approaches to practical problems.
Abstract: This book deals with methods of analysis that may be useful in design of pile foundations. The aims are to: 1) present a consistent theoretical approach to the prediction of pile deformation and load capacity, 2) present parametric solutions for a wide range of cases, 3) demonstrate how such solutions can be used for design purposes, and 4) review the applicability of these approaches to practical problems. (TRRL)
1,415 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented methods for the calculation of deflections, ultimate resistance, and moment distribution for laterally loaded single piles and pile groups driven into cohesionless soils.
Abstract: Methods are presented for the calculation of deflections, ultimate resistance, and moment distribution for laterally loaded single piles and pile groups driven into cohesionless soils. The lateral deflections have been calculated assuming that the coefficient of subgrade reaction increases linearly with depth and that the value of this coefficient depends primarily on the relative density of the supporting soil. The ultimate lateral resistance has been assumed to be governed by the yield or ultimate moment resistance of the pile section or by the ultimate lateral resistance of the supporting soil. The ultimate lateral resistance is assumed to be equal to three times the passive Rankine earth pressure. The deflections and lateral resistance, as calculated by the proposed methods, have been compared with available test data. Satisfactory agreement was found.
570 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss several similar strategies for solving the problem of elas-to-plastic problems in the context of a general formulation, which includes ASSOCIATED and Non-Associated PLASTIC RELATIONS and StRAIN HARDENING as well as STRAIN SOFTENING.
Abstract: SEVERAL SIMILAR PROCESSES FOR SOLVING ELASTO-PLASTIC PROBLEMS ARE DISCUSSED IN THE CONTEXT OF A GENERAL FORMULATION WHICH INCLUDES ASSOCIATED AND NON- ASSOCIATED PLASTICITY RELATIONS AND STRAIN HARDENING AS WELL AS STRAIN SOFTENING BEHAVIOR. ADVANTAGES OF THE "INITIAL STRESS" PROCESS ARE EMPHASIZED FOR A WIDE CATEGORY OF PROBLEMS; THE ISOPARAMETRIC FORMULATION IS USED THROUGHOUT. THIS PROCESS, RENAMED THE "RESIDUAL FORCE METHOD", FORMS THE BASIS OF THIS PAPER; IT IS DEMONSTRATED THAT FURTHER IMPROVEMENTS CAN BE OBTAINED BY SUITABLE MODIFICATIONS. /DOT/
482 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a repeated application of elastic theory is used to determine the nonlinear force-deformation characteristics of soil, and soil modulus constants are adjusted for each successive trial until satisfactory compatibility is obtained in structure-pile-soil system.
Abstract: Determination of nonlinear force-deformation characteristics of soil may be done by repeated application of elastic theory; soil modulus constants are adjusted for each successive trial until satisfactory compatibility is obtained in structure-pile-soil system; equations and methods of computations are given for elastic- and rigid-pile theory; design recommendations.
450 citations