Q2. What future works have the authors mentioned in the paper "Nurturing care: science and effective interventions to promote early childhood development" ?
Another set of gaps notes in the review was that further research is also needed to establish the validity of child-development measures in LMICs.
Q3. What are some aspects of nurturing care during birth and labour?
Aspects of Nurturing Care during birth and labour include early initiation of breastfeeding and interventions such as Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) which promotes thermal sufficiency in preterm infants, and early bonding.
Q4. What are the main benefits of nurturing care?
The most fundamental promotive experiences in the early years come from nurturing care and protection received from parents, family and community, which have lifelong benefits including improved health andwell-being and increased ability to learn and earn.
Q5. What are the common risk factors in LMICs?
Poor sanitation, severe childhood diarrhea, iron deficiency anemia, orphan status, substandard housing, domestic violence, harsh physical punishment, and maternal depression are risk factors that occur at a higher rate in LMICs than in HICs and can be frequently amplified by exposure to conflict and population displacement.
Q6. What is the role of nutrition in pregnancy?
The ability of a mother to support the health and development of her children is critically dependent on her own health and well-being before, during, and after pregnancy.
Q7. What is the need for a more rigorously evaluated maltreatment preventions intervention in LMIC?
There is an urgent need for more rigorously evaluated maltreatment preventions interventions in LMICs, focusing on parenting and child outcomes, and adapted for low resource contexts.
Q8. What is the importance of early intervention in preventing maltreatment?
(31) Early intervention that occurs prior to the onset of abusive and neglectful parenting is crucial to preventing maltreatment.
Q9. What are the benefits of a balanced diet during pregnancy?
(59) The provision of a balanced energy and protein diet (60) as well as multiple micronutrients for women of childbearing age(58) and expectant mothers at risk of deficiencies show potential benefits in reducing the risk of IUGR, small for gestational age (SGA) births, and stillbirths.
Q10. What are some examples of co-occurrence in LMICs?
Other specific examples of co-occurrence are: Nutritional deficiencies in infancy and early childhood likely to occur with: being born small for gestational age or preterm or both; parents who are less involved, sensitive or responsive; extreme poverty and food insecurity; suboptimal infant and young child feeding practices; high exposure to pathogens and corresponding burden of infectious disease in infancy and childhood; home environments characterized as less stimulating; exposure to domestic violence.
Q11. What are the key factors of preschool quality?
Regardless of type, programme quality is a key predictor of effectiveness; important factors of preschool quality include greater number, variety and challenging play materials,(96) interactive / dialogic reading, classroom organization and instructional support.
Q12. What are the common interventions during the period from preconception to birth?
Most interventions during the period from preconception to birth focus on the physical and mental health of the mother to support a healthy pregnancy and improve birth outcomes.
Q13. What is the role of KMC in child development?
KMC has been associated with an increase in bonding indicators such as mother-infant attachment (MD 6·24, 95% CI 5·57-6·91), infant growth, and rates of early initiation and continued exclusive breastfeeding (RR: 1·20, 95%CI 1·01-1·43).(79) Most of these evaluations were undertaken in health facilities; there is a need for research on focusing on effectiveness of KMC or variant thereof when delivered at scale in community settings.
Q14. What are the main findings of the RMNCH and nutrition reviews?
The RMNCH and nutrition reviews relied primarily on six recent overviews of reviews, including the Lancet 2014 Every Newborn series,(16) the Lancet 2013 Maternal and Child Nutrition series,(17) the Lancet 2013 Child Pneumonia and Diarrhoea series,(18) the Reproductive Health 2014 supplement on essential MNCH interventions,(19) and the WHO/RMNCH/AKU 2011 Essential Interventions for RMNCH report,(20) and the Lancet 2016 Breastfeeding series.
Q15. What are some examples of interventions that have been used to improve child development?
(23) Examples include, the Care for Child Development package developed by UNICEF and WHO, and “Reach Up and Learn”, which provide opportunities to use multiple strategies to strengthen nurturing care by parents.
Q16. What is the reason for the gap in human potential?
The authors suggest that this gap in human potential, at least in part, is due to the failure, to date, to apply the emerging scientific knowledge on how Nurturing Care shapes young children’s development and to take action at scale using a multi-sector approach across key stages in the early life course.
Q17. What is the common type of vitamin K supplementation for children?
✔✔Topical emollient therapy for preterm neonates ✔ ✔ ✔Intramuscular vitamin K for neonates ✔Handwashing behavior and water quality improvement (WASH) ✔ ✔ ✔Rotavirus, HiB, & pneumococcal vaccinations ✔ ✔Vitamin A supplementation in children ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔Zinc supplementation + treatment for acute diarrhea in children ✔
Q18. What were the main findings of the social protection review?
(38-40) The social protection review examined five systematic reviews that focused on the effects of social programmes, including conditional and unconditional cash transfers and microcredit schemes.
Q19. What are the main components of the review?
The parenting and early childhood education, child protection, and social protection reviews relied on the most recent systematic reviews, and incorporating studies after April 2015, when available.
Q20. What are some of the factors that may be associated with a reduced availability of pro-active?
Some evidence indicates that there may be a reduced availability of promotive factors in LMICs, such as routine neonatal screening for iodine deficiency,(48) childbirth attended by skilled health personnel,(49) and fewer learning resources in the home.
Q21. What are the rigorous trials of interventions to prevent child maltreatment?
Most rigorous trials of interventions to prevent child maltreatment have been conducted in HICs, with far fewer in LMICs, and are not uniformly effective in reducing injuries, physical abuse and neglect.
Q22. What are some examples of interventions that combine elements of health, nutrition, child and social protection,?
Evidence-based interventions during infancy, which combine basic sectoral elements in health, nutrition, child and social protection, and child care and learning, with nurturing care and protection can synergistically improve child developmental outcomes.
Q23. What were the effects of CCTs or UCTs on health, nutrition, or developmental?
Twenty-four new studies were included that investigated the effects of CCTs or UCTs on measures of health, nutrition, or developmental outcomes.