Nutritional Potential and Functional Properties of Heat-treated and Germinated Fenugreek Seeds
TL;DR: The effects of heat treatment and no heat treatment on the nutritional composition, antinutritive materials and functional properties of fenugreek seeds were studied in this article, which showed that heat treatment improved the water absorption capacity while germination improved the fat absorption capacity.
Abstract: The effects of heat treatment and no heat treatment on the nutritional composition, antinutritive materials and functional properties of fenugreek seeds were studied. The raffinose, stachyose and verbascose were eliminated by germination, and the levels of phytic acid, tannic acid and trypsin inhibitor were reduced by it. However, heat treatment destroyed most of the trypsin inhibitor activity and verbascose and reduced the levels of raffinose, stachyose, phytic acid and tannic acid. Fenugreek seeds were a good source of essential amino acids especially leucine, lyisne, total aromatic amino acids and tryptophan. Heat treatment and germination decreased the sulfur-containing amino acids and tryptophan contents. Both treatments improved the in vitro protein digestibility. Fenugreek seeds were rich in Na, Ca, Cu and Fe. All treatments decreased the level of mineral content with the exception of Na, P and Zn for germination treatment. The major protein fractions in fenugreek seed were albumins (470 g/kg) and globulins (200 g/kg). Fenugreek seeds showed excellent functional properties. Heat treatment improved the water absorption capacity while germination improved the fat absorption capacity. However, both treatments decreased the nitrogen solubility index. Emulsifying activity was not affected by germination, while heat treatment did not affect emulsion stability. Fenugreek seeds could potentially be added to food systems such as bakery and ground meat formulations, not only as a nutrient supplement but also as a functional agent in these formulations.
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Journal Article•
TL;DR: Higher antioxidant activity was observed during early germination, which correlates to higher phenolic content, suggesting that initially phenolics are antioxidant in nature, and higher L-DOPA content was observed in the elicited fenugreek sprout extract, correlating to high phenolics and antioxidant activity, suggest that L- DOPA also contributes to the high antioxidant activity.
Abstract: The phenylpropanoid pathway (PPP) was stimulated in fenugreek sprouts through the pentose phosphate and shikimate pathway, by natural elicitors such as Fish Protein Hydrolysates (FPH), Lactoferrin (LF) and Oregano Extract (OE). Among treatments 0.5 ml/L FPH elicited fenugreek sprouts had the highest phenolic content of 0.75 mg/g FW on day 3 of germination which was approximately 25 % higher than control on the same day. The antioxidant activity estimated by beta-carotene assay was highest for LF and OE elicited sprouts on day 2 and 4, respectively with an antioxidant protection factor (APF) of 1.47 for both. In all treatments and control, higher antioxidant activity was observed during early germination, which correlates to higher phenolic content, suggesting that initially phenolics are antioxidant in nature. This increased activity also correlates with high guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) activity indicating that the polymerized phenolics required for lignification with growth have antioxidant function. The antioxidant activity as estimated by beta-carotene and 1,1,-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) assays indicate that fenugreek sprout extract can quench the superoxide free radical and also possibly scavenge the hydrogen peroxide generated in the reaction mix. OE elicited the highest levo dihydroxy phenylalanine (L-DOPA) synthesis of 1.59 mg/g FW, followed by FPH with 1.56 mg/g FW and LF 1.5 mg/g FW all on day 2 which was 24.5%, 23 % and 20 % higher than control, respectively. Higher L-DOPA content was observed in the elicited fenugreek sprouts during early germination, correlating to high phenolics and antioxidant activity, suggesting that L-DOPA also contributes to the high antioxidant activity. The glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activity was higher during early germination (day 1-4) and gradually decreased during later stages (day 5-8) for all treatments and control. The early increase is possibly due to the carbohydrate mobilization from the cotyledons directed towards the high nutrient requirements of the growing sprout. As mobilization occurred, an allosteric feedback inhibition by sugar-phosphates is suggested, as lower G6PDH activity was observed on days 6-8. The elevated levels of GPX during early germination coincide with the higher phenolic synthesis; SOD activity and antioxidant activity suggests the elevated production and quenching of reactive oxygen species by elicitation. High antimicrobial activity against peptic ulcer-linked Helicobacter pylori was observed in the fenugreek sprout extract from control and LF treatments only. We hypothesized that in fenugreek sprouts, simple free phenolics that are less polymerized have more antimicrobial function.
247 citations
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...Sprouting in fenugreek is known to improve its soluble protein and fibre content and reduce the phytic, tannic acid and trypsin inhibitors.(29) Since previous...
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