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Journal ArticleDOI

Object recognition test in mice

01 Dec 2013-Nature Protocols (Nature Research)-Vol. 8, Iss: 12, pp 2531-2537
TL;DR: This protocol reduces inter-individual variability with the use of a selection criterion based on a minimal time of exploration for both objects during each session, and describes the three most commonly used variants, containing long (3 d), short (1 d) or no habituation phases.
Abstract: The object recognition test is now among the most commonly used behavioral tests for mice. A mouse is presented with two similar objects during the first session, and then one of the two objects is replaced by a new object during a second session. The amount of time taken to explore the new object provides an index of recognition memory. As more groups have used the protocol, the variability of the procedures used in the object recognition test has increased steadily. This protocol provides a necessary standardization of the procedure. This protocol reduces inter-individual variability with the use of a selection criterion based on a minimal time of exploration for both objects during each session. In this protocol, we describe the three most commonly used variants, containing long (3 d), short (1 d) or no habituation phases. Thus, with a short intersession interval (e.g., 6 h), this procedure can be performed in 4, 2 or 1 d, respectively, according to the duration of the habituation phase. This protocol should allow for the comparison of results from different studies, while permitting adaption of the protocol to the constraints of the experimenter.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The object recognition test is a relatively low-stress, efficient test for memory in mice, and is appropriate for the detection of neuropsychological changes following pharmacological, biological, or genetic manipulations.
Abstract: The object recognition test (ORT) is a commonly used behavioral assay for the investigation of various aspects of learning and memory in mice. The ORT is fairly simple and can be completed over 3 days: habituation day, training day, and testing day. During training, the mouse is allowed to explore 2 identical objects. On test day, one of the training objects is replaced with a novel object. Because mice have an innate preference for novelty, if the mouse recognizes the familiar object, it will spend most of its time at the novel object. Due to this innate preference, there is no need for positive or negative reinforcement or long training schedules. Additionally, the ORT can also be modified for numerous applications. The retention interval can be shortened to examine short-term memory, or lengthened to probe long-term memory. Pharmacological intervention can be used at various times prior to training, after training, or prior to recall to investigate different phases of learning (i.e., acquisition, early or late consolidation, or recall). Overall, the ORT is a relatively low-stress, efficient test for memory in mice, and is appropriate for the detection of neuropsychological changes following pharmacological, biological, or genetic manipulations.

455 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
26 Jul 2017-Nature
TL;DR: Development of several mouse models in which hypothalamic stem/progenitor cells that co-express Sox2 and Bmi1 are ablated shows that ageing in mice started with a substantial loss of these hypothalamic cells, and ageing speed is substantially controlled by hypothalamicstem cells, partially through the release of exosomal miRNAs.
Abstract: It has been proposed that the hypothalamus helps to control ageing, but the mechanisms responsible remain unclear. Here we develop several mouse models in which hypothalamic stem/progenitor cells that co-express Sox2 and Bmi1 are ablated, as we observed that ageing in mice started with a substantial loss of these hypothalamic cells. Each mouse model consistently displayed acceleration of ageing-like physiological changes or a shortened lifespan. Conversely, ageing retardation and lifespan extension were achieved in mid-aged mice that were locally implanted with healthy hypothalamic stem/progenitor cells that had been genetically engineered to survive in the ageing-related hypothalamic inflammatory microenvironment. Mechanistically, hypothalamic stem/progenitor cells contributed greatly to exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) in the cerebrospinal fluid, and these exosomal miRNAs declined during ageing, whereas central treatment with healthy hypothalamic stem/progenitor cell-secreted exosomes led to the slowing of ageing. In conclusion, ageing speed is substantially controlled by hypothalamic stem cells, partially through the release of exosomal miRNAs.

371 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
04 Apr 2019-Cell
TL;DR: Auditory tone stimulation that drove gamma frequency neural activity in auditory cortex (AC) and hippocampal CA1 improved spatial and recognition memory and reduced amyloid in AC and hippocampus of 5XFAD mice, suggesting GENUS can be achieved through multiple sensory modalities with wide-ranging effects across multiple brain areas to improve cognitive function.

352 citations


Cites methods from "Object recognition test in mice"

  • ...To gauge how combined GENUS impacts amyloid plaque abundance on a larger scale, we next performed whole brain SHIELD processing in 6-month-old 5XFAD mice followed by immunostaining for b-amyloid (D54D2) (STAR Methods)....

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  • ...We presented 3- to 8-month-old male WT (C57BL6J) mice with 1 ms-long auditory tones coupled with 12.5 ms-long light pulses (auditory plus visual, or A+V, stimulation) at 40 Hz while recording neural activity in AC, CA1, or mPFC using 32-channel silicon probes as animals ran or rested on a spherical treadmill (STARMethods)....

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  • ...We applied IMARIS to quantify the number of microglia within a 25 mm radius of an amyloid deposit from three-dimensional renderings of AC, VC, CA1, and mPFC images following combined GENUS versus no stimulation controls (Figures 6D and 6E, far right inset; Videos S1 and S2; STAR Methods)....

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  • ...During the probe trial (STAR Methods), mice that received auditory GENUS, but not random frequency, spent a significantly longer time exploring the quadrant that previously contained the platform and had a higher number of crossings over the platform location, versus no stimulation controls (Figures 2I and 2J)....

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  • ...(D) Immunohistochemistry and 3D reconstruction using IMARIS (STAR Methods) of anti-Iba1 (019- 19741, green) and anti-Ab (12F4, red) antibodies in AC, VC, CA1, and mPFC of 6-month-old 5XFAD mice after 7 days of 1 h/day (1 week) of no stimulation (n = 6 mice/group, top inset: example of using IMARIS to quantify the number of microglia surrounding a 25 mm radius around amyloid plaques)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that a KD extends longevity and healthspan in mice and regulated mTORC1 signaling in a tissue-dependent manner.

314 citations


Cites methods or result from "Object recognition test in mice"

  • ...The results of the novel object recognition test (Leger et al., 2013) (Figure 1B) indicate that memory was preserved in old mice fed a KD compared to those fed a control or LCD. Coordination, strength, and endurance were assessed with the hanging CMET 2387 2 Cell Metabolism 26, 1–8, September 5,…...

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  • ...The results of the novel object recognition test (Leger et al., 2013) (Figure 1B) indicate that memory was preserved in old mice fed a KD compared to those fed a control or LCD....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is shown that modulation of the microbiota induces positive effects on neuronal pathways that are able to slow down the progression of Alzheimer’s disease.
Abstract: Gut microbiota has a proven role in regulating multiple neuro-chemical pathways through the highly interconnected gut-brain axis Oral bacteriotherapy thus has potential in the treatment of central nervous system-related pathologies, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) Current AD treatments aim to prevent onset, delay progression and ameliorate symptoms In this work, 3xTg-AD mice in the early stage of AD were treated with SLAB51 probiotic formulation, thereby affecting the composition of gut microbiota and its metabolites This influenced plasma concentration of inflammatory cytokines and key metabolic hormones considered therapeutic targets in neurodegeneration Treated mice showed partial restoration of two impaired neuronal proteolytic pathways (the ubiquitin proteasome system and autophagy) Their cognitive decline was decreased compared with controls, due to a reduction in brain damage and reduced accumulation of amyloid beta aggregates Collectively, our results clearly prove that modulation of the microbiota induces positive effects on neuronal pathways that are able to slow down the progression of Alzheimer’s disease

288 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A new memory test in rats, based on the differential exploration of familiar and new objects, which is comparable to memory tests currently used in man and allows interspecies comparisons.

2,970 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The elevated plus maze is a widely used behavioral assay for rodents and it has been validated to assess the anti-anxiety effects of pharmacological agents and steroid hormones, and to define brain regions and mechanisms underlying anxiety-related behavior.
Abstract: The elevated plus maze is a widely used behavioral assay for rodents and it has been validated to assess the anti-anxiety effects of pharmacological agents and steroid hormones, and to define brain regions and mechanisms underlying anxiety-related behavior. Briefly, rats or mice are placed at the junction of the four arms of the maze, facing an open arm, and entries/duration in each arm are recorded by a video-tracking system and observer simultaneously for 5 min. Other ethological parameters (i.e., rears, head dips and stretched-attend postures) can also be observed. An increase in open arm activity (duration and/or entries) reflects anti-anxiety behavior. In our laboratory, rats or mice are exposed to the plus maze on one occasion; thus, results can be obtained in 5 min per rodent.

2,221 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The object-recognition task has been used to study mutant mice, aging deficits, early developmental influences, nootropic manipulations, teratological drug exposure and novelty seeking.
Abstract: Rats and mice have a tendency to interact more with a novel object than with a familiar object. This tendency has been used by behavioral pharmacologists and neuroscientists to study learning and memory. A popular protocol for such research is the object-recognition task. Animals are first placed in an apparatus and allowed to explore an object. After a prescribed interval, the animal is returned to the apparatus, which now contains the familiar object and a novel object. Object recognition is distinguished by more time spent interacting with the novel object. Although the exact processes that underlie this 'recognition memory' requires further elucidation, this method has been used to study mutant mice, aging deficits, early developmental influences, nootropic manipulations, teratological drug exposure and novelty seeking.

1,029 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The hippocampus plays a role in recognition memory when such memory involves remembering that a particular stimulus occurred in a particular place or when the memory contains a temporal or object recency component.
Abstract: The role of the hippocampus in recognition memory is controversial. Recognition memory judgments may be made using different types of information, including object familiarity, an object's spatial location, or when an object was encountered. Experiment 1 examined the role of the hippocampus in recognition memory tasks that required the animals to use these different types of mnemonic information. Rats with bilateral cytotoxic lesions in the hippocampus or perirhinal or prefrontal cortex were tested on a battery of spontaneous object recognition tasks requiring the animals to make recognition memory judgments using familiarity (novel object preference); object-place information (object-in-place memory), or recency information (temporal order memory). Experiment 2 examined whether, when using different types of recognition memory information, the hippocampus interacts with either the perirhinal or prefrontal cortex. Thus, groups of rats were prepared with a unilateral cytotoxic lesion in the hippocampus combined with a lesion in either the contralateral perirhinal or prefrontal cortex. Rats were then tested in a series of object recognition memory tasks. Experiment 1 revealed that the hippocampus was crucial for object location, object-in-place, and recency recognition memory, but not for the novel object preference task. Experiment 2 revealed that object-in-place and recency recognition memory performance depended on a functional interaction between the hippocampus and either the perirhinal or medial prefrontal cortices. Thus, the hippocampus plays a role in recognition memory when such memory involves remembering that a particular stimulus occurred in a particular place or when the memory contains a temporal or object recency component.

702 citations