Objectification Theory: Toward Understanding Women's Lived Experiences and Mental Health Risks:
TL;DR: In this article, the authors offer objectification theory as a framework for understanding the experiential consequences of being female in a culture that sexually objectifies the female body, and propose a framework to understand the effects of objectification on women.
Abstract: This article offers objectification theory as a framework for understanding the experiential consequences of being female in a culture that sexually objectifies the female body. Objectification the...
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TL;DR: A new model is advanced to describe the form and function of a subset of positive emotions, including joy, interest, contentment, and love, that serve to broaden an individual's momentary thought–action repertoire, which in turn has the effect of building that individual's physical, intellectual, and social resources.
Abstract: This article opens by noting that positive emotions do not fit existing models of emotions. Consequently, a new model is advanced to describe the form and function of a subset of positive emotions, including joy, interest, contentment, and love. This new model posits that these positive emotions serve to broaden an individual's momentary thought-action repertoire, which in turn has the effect of building that individual's physical, intellectual, and social resources. Empirical evidence to support this broadenand-build model of positive emotions is reviewed, and implications for emotion regulation and health promotion are discussed. Even though research on emotions has this new perspective are featured. My hope is flourished in recent years, investigations that that this article will unlock scientific curiosity expressly target positive emotions remain few and far between. Any review of the psychological literature on emotions will show that psychologists have typically favored negative emotions in theory building and hypothesis testing. In so doing, psychologists have inadvertently marginalized the emotions, such as joy, about positive emotions, not only to test the ideas presented here, but also to build other new models that might illuminate the nature and value of positive emotions. Psychology sorely needs more studies on positive emotions, not simply to level the uneven knowledge bases between negative and positive emotions, but interest, contentment, and love, that share a more critically, to guide applications and pleasant subjective feel. To date, then, psychology's knowledge base regarding positive emotions is so thin that satisfying answers to the question "What good are positive emotions?" have yet to be articulated. This is unfortunate. Experiences of positive emotion are central to human nature and contribute richly to the quality of people's lives (Diener & Larsen,
5,198 citations
Cites background from "Objectification Theory: Toward Unde..."
...Shame may be another route to depression (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997; Lewis, 1971) and to eating disorders (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997; Noll & Fredrickson, in press; Silberstein, Striegel-Moore, & Rodin, 1987) and sexual dysfunction (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997)....
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...In so doing, psychologists have inadvertently marginalized the emotions, such as joy, interest, contentment, and love, that share a pleasant subjective feel....
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01 Jan 2000
TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose a method to use the information of the user's interaction with the system to improve the performance of the system. But they do not consider the impact of the interaction on the overall system.
Abstract: Статья посвящена вопросам влияния власти на поведение человека. Авторы рассматривают данные различных источников, в которых увеличение власти связывается с напористостью, а ее уменьшение - с подавленностью. Конкретно, власть ассоциируется с: а) позитивным аффектом; б) вниманием к вознаграждению и к свойствам других, удовлетворяющим личные цели; в) автоматической переработкой информации и резкими суждениями; г) расторможенным социальным поведением. Уменьшение власти, напротив, ассоциируется с: а) негативным аффектом; б) вниманием к угрозам и наказаниям, к интересам других и к тем характеристикам я, которые отвечают целям других; в) контролируемой переработкой информации и совещательным типом рассуждений; г) подавленным социальным поведением. Обсуждаются также последствия этих паттернов поведения, связанных с властью, и потенциальные модераторы.
2,293 citations
TL;DR: Predictors from recent theorizing about approach and inhibition are derived and the potential moderators and consequences of these power-related behavioral patterns are discussed.
Abstract: This article examines how power influences behavior. Elevated power is associated with increased rewards and freedom and thereby activates approach-related tendencies. Reduced power is associated with increased threat, punishment, and social constraint and thereby activates inhibition-related tendencies. The authors derive predictions from recent theorizing about approach and inhibition and review relevant evidence. Specifically, power is associated with (a) positive affect, (b) attention to rewards, (c) automatic information processing, and (d) disinhibited behavior. In contrast, reduced power is associated with (a) negative affect; (b) attention to threat, punishment, others’ interests, and those features of the self that are relevant to others’ goals; (c) controlled information processing; and (d) inhibited social behavior. The potential moderators and consequences of these power-related behavioral patterns are discussed.
2,210 citations
Cites background or result from "Objectification Theory: Toward Unde..."
...It is interesting to note that self-objectification has many of the consequences of reduced social power, including elevated anxiety and shame, the dissociation from internal states, and interference on the performance of intellectual tasks (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997)....
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...This assertion closely resembles recent analyses of gender-related experiences of self-objectification (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997; Hall, 1984)....
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TL;DR: This chapter reviews current theory and research on moral emotions and focuses on a triad of negatively valenced "self-conscious" emotions-shame, guilt, and embarrassment.
Abstract: Moral emotions represent a key element of our human moral apparatus, influencing the link between moral standards and moral behavior This chapter reviews current theory and research on moral emotions We first focus on a triad of negatively valenced “self-conscious” emotions—shame, guilt, and embarrassment As in previous decades, much research remains focused on shame and guilt We review current thinking on the distinction between shame and guilt, and the relative advantages and disadvantages of these two moral emotions Several new areas of research are highlighted: research on the domain-specific phenomenon of body shame, styles of coping with shame, psychobiological aspects of shame, the link between childhood abuse and later proneness to shame, and the phenomena of vicarious or “collective” experiences of shame and guilt In recent years, the concept of moral emotions has been expanded to include several positive emotions—elevation, gratitude, and the sometimes morally relevant experience o
2,141 citations
TL;DR: An expanded sense of dehumanization emerges, in which the phenomenon is not unitary, is not restricted to the intergroup context, and does not occur only under conditions of conflict or extreme negative evaluation.
Abstract: The concept of dehumanization lacks a systematic theoretical basis, and research that addresses it has yet to be integrated. Manifestations and theories of dehumanization are reviewed, and a new model is developed. Two forms of dehumanization are proposed, involving the denial to others of 2 distinct senses of humanness: characteristics that are uniquely human and those that constitute human nature. Denying uniquely human attributes to others represents them as animal-like, and denying human nature to others represents them as objects or automata. Cognitive underpinnings of the "animalistic" and "mechanistic" forms of dehumanization are proposed. An expanded sense of dehumanization emerges, in which the phenomenon is not unitary, is not restricted to the intergroup context, and does not occur only under conditions of conflict or extreme negative evaluation. Instead, dehumanization becomes an everyday social phenomenon, rooted in ordinary social-cognitive processes.
1,879 citations
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TL;DR: According to the reformulation, once people perceive noncontingency, they attribute their helplessness to a cause and this cause can be stable or unstable, global or specific, and internal or external.
Abstract: The learned helplessness hypothesis is criticized and reformulated. The old hypothesis, when applied to learned helplessness in humans, has two major problems: (a) It does not distinguish between cases in which outcomes are uncontrollable for all people and cases in which they are uncontrollable only for some people (univervsal vs. personal helplessness), and (b) it does not explain when helplessness is general and when specific, or when chronic and when acute. A reformulation based on a revision of attribution theory is proposed to resolve these inadequacies. According to the reformulation, once people perceive noncontingency, they attribute their helplessness to a cause. This cause can be stable or unstable, global or specific, and internal or external. The attribution chosen influences whether expectation of future helplessness will be chronic or acute, broad or narrow, and whether helplessness will lower self-esteem or not. The implications of this reformulation of human helplessness for the learned helplessness model of depression are outlined.
6,923 citations
Book•
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TL;DR: The Dialectic of Trauma Continues: Traumatic disorders as discussed by the authors, a Forgotten History, Terror, Disconnection, Captivity, and Child Abuse: A New Diagnosis Stages of Recovery.
Abstract: * Introduction Traumatic Disorders * A Forgotten History * Terror * Disconnection * Captivity * Child Abuse * A New Diagnosis Stages of Recovery * A Healing Relationship * Safety * Remembrance and Mourning * Reconnection * Commonality * The Dialectic of Trauma Continues
5,901 citations
"Objectification Theory: Toward Unde..." refers background in this paper
...Though the psycholOgical repercussions of sexual violence have begun to capture substantial research attention (e.g., Herman, 1992; Russo, 1985; Trickett & Putnam, 1993), those arising from the more subtle and everyday practice of sexualized gazing have gone understudied; this is an imbalance we…...
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TL;DR: This paper used psychoanalysis to discover where and how the fascination of film is reinforced by pre-existing patterns of fascination already at work within the individual subject and the social formations that have moulded him.
Abstract: This paper intends to use psychoanalysis to discover where and how the fascination of film is reinforced by pre-existing patterns of fascination already at work within the individual subject and the social formations that have moulded him. It takes as its starting-point the way film reflects, reveals and even plays on the straight, socially established interpretation of sexual difference which controls images, erotic ways of looking and spectacle. It is helpful to understand what the cinema has been, how its magic has worked in the past, while attempting a theory and a practice which will challenge this cinema of the past. Psychoanalytic theory is thus appropriated here as a political weapon, demonstrating the way the unconscious of patriarchal society has structured film form.
5,533 citations
Book•
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01 Jan 1949
TL;DR: The Second Sex as discussed by the authors is a seminal work in the modern feminist upsurge that has transformed perceptions of the social relationship of man and women in our time, and it is at once a work of anthropology and sociology, of biology and psychoanalysis from the pen of a writer and novelist of penetrating imaginative power.
Abstract: Of all the writing that emerged from the existentialist movement, Simone de Beauvoir's groundbreaking study of women will probably have the most extensive and enduring impact. It is at once a work of anthropology and sociology, of biology and psychoanalysis, from the pen of a writer and novelist of penetrating imaginative power. THE SECOND SEX stands, four decades after its first appearance, as the first landmark in the modern feminist upsurge that has transformed perceptions of the social relationship of man and womankind in our time.
5,160 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1902
TL;DR: Human Nature and the Social Order as discussed by the authors is a sociological treatise on American culture, where Cooley concludes that the social order cannot be imposed from outside human nature but that it arises from the self.
Abstract: This work remains a pioneer sociological treatise on American culture. By understanding the individual not as the product of society but as its mirror image, Cooley concludes that the social order cannot be imposed from outside human nature but that it arises from the self. Cooley stimulated pedagogical inquiry into the dynamics of society with the publication of Human Nature and the Social Order in 1902. Human Nature and the Social Order is something more than an admirable ethical treatise. It is also a classic work on the process of social communication as the "very stuff" of which the self is made.
4,656 citations