Observational evidence for an inside-out substorm onset scenario
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...These are often observed to propagate along the onset arc as they form and evolve and also observed to expand and/or move polewards [e.g., Henderson, 2009; Kalmoni et al., 2015]....
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...…to onset (see Figure 2c) in a way are similar in appearance to auroral beads, also referred to as azimuthal auroral forms or spatially periodic auroral spots, reported in the literature [e.g., Elphinstone et al., 1995; Liang et al., 2008; Henderson, 2009; Rae et al., 2009; Kalmoni et al., 2015]....
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...Birn et al. (2004) and Henderson (2009) suggested that these earthward flows are associated with dipolarized field lines and magnetotail reconnection....
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References
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"Observational evidence for an insid..." refers background in this paper
...…or mechanisms have been introduced over the past 40 years in attempts to explain the observed phenomenology (e.g.Swift, 1967; Hones et al., 1973; Russell and McPherron, 1973; McPherron et al., 1973; Hones, 1977; Lui, 1978; Lui et al., 1988; Roux, 1985; Smith et al., 1986; Rostoker and Eastman,…...
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480 citations
"Observational evidence for an insid..." refers background in this paper
...The deceleration or “braking” of these flow bursts in the near-Earth region produces the familiar current wedge, Pi2 pulsations and breakup activity on or near the most equatorward arc (Haerendel, 1992; Shiokawa et al., 1997, 1998)....
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