Observational evidence for an inside-out substorm onset scenario
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...…observations from the ground [Donovan et al., 2006; Liang et al., 2008; Sakaguchi et al., 2009] and from spacecraft [Elphinstone et al., 1995; Henderson, 2009] have shown that in the initial brightening arc, there exists a characteristic small-scale auroral structure, consisting of…...
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66 citations
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...These dynamics result in the generation of localized perturbations in ionospheric field‐aligned currents and corresponding auroral signatures commonly referred to as beads (e.g., Henderson, 2009; Motoba et al., 2012; Nishimura et al., 2016)....
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...In observations, auroral beads have also been reported both as onset arc structures (Henderson, 2009; Kalmoni et al., 2015, 2017; Nishimura et al., 2016) and not (Panov et al....
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...In observations, auroral beads have also been reported both as onset arc structures (Henderson, 2009; Kalmoni et al., 2015, 2017; Nishimura et al., 2016) and not (Panov et al., 2019; Uritsky et al., 2009; Xing et al., 2020)....
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Cites background from "Observational evidence for an insid..."
...Such ray structures are also called beads and can be characterized as an optical wave-like structure along an initial brightening arc [Donovan et al., 2006; Henderson, 2009; Rae et al., 2010] (hereinafter called substorm auroral onset waves or onset waves for convenience)....
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References
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"Observational evidence for an insid..." refers background in this paper
...Numerous models or mechanisms have been introduced over the past 40 years in attempts to explain the observed phenomenology (e.g.Swift, 1967; Hones et al. , 1973; Russell and McPherron , 1973; McPherron et al. , 1973; Hones, 1977; Lui, 1978; Lui et al., 1988; Roux, 1985; Smith et al. , 1986; Rostoker and Eastman, 1987; Kan et al. , 1988; Goertz and Smith , 1989; Lui, 1991; Roux et al. , 1991; Kan, 1993; Hones and McPherron, 1994; Lyons, 1995; Miura, 2001; Zhu et al. , 2007), and while some of these models have been rejected or abandoned over the years, others have been continuously modified and updated....
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...…and Eastman, 1987; Kan et al., 1988; Goertz and Smith, 1989; Lui, 1991; Roux et al., 1991; Kan, 1993; Hones and McPherron, 1994; Lyons, 1995; Miura, 2001; Zhu et al., 2007), and while some of these models have been rejected or abandoned over the years, others have been continuously modified…...
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