Observational evidence for an inside-out substorm onset scenario
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...…observations from the ground [Donovan et al., 2006; Liang et al., 2008; Sakaguchi et al., 2009] and from spacecraft [Elphinstone et al., 1995; Henderson, 2009] have shown that in the initial brightening arc, there exists a characteristic small-scale auroral structure, consisting of…...
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66 citations
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...These dynamics result in the generation of localized perturbations in ionospheric field‐aligned currents and corresponding auroral signatures commonly referred to as beads (e.g., Henderson, 2009; Motoba et al., 2012; Nishimura et al., 2016)....
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...In observations, auroral beads have also been reported both as onset arc structures (Henderson, 2009; Kalmoni et al., 2015, 2017; Nishimura et al., 2016) and not (Panov et al....
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...In observations, auroral beads have also been reported both as onset arc structures (Henderson, 2009; Kalmoni et al., 2015, 2017; Nishimura et al., 2016) and not (Panov et al., 2019; Uritsky et al., 2009; Xing et al., 2020)....
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65 citations
64 citations
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...Such ray structures are also called beads and can be characterized as an optical wave-like structure along an initial brightening arc [Donovan et al., 2006; Henderson, 2009; Rae et al., 2010] (hereinafter called substorm auroral onset waves or onset waves for convenience)....
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References
464 citations
"Observational evidence for an insid..." refers background in this paper
...Note that this phase of the substorm was not originally described byAkasofu(1964) but was added later by McPherron(1970)....
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397 citations
"Observational evidence for an insid..." refers background in this paper
...…1977; Lui, 1978; Lui et al., 1988; Roux, 1985; Smith et al., 1986; Rostoker and Eastman, 1987; Kan et al., 1988; Goertz and Smith, 1989; Lui, 1991; Roux et al., 1991; Kan, 1993; Hones and McPherron, 1994; Lyons, 1995; Miura, 2001; Zhu et al., 2007), and while some of these models have been…...
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...A hypothetical development of the ballooning instability in the inner magnetosphere is shown schematically in Fig.9 (after Roux et al., 1991)....
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366 citations
"Observational evidence for an insid..." refers background in this paper
...…well equatorward of the open-closed boundary on or near the most equatorward discrete arc and that this activity maps fairly close to the Earth (Akasofu, 1977; Kaufmann, 1987; Samson et al., 1992; Murphree et al., 1993; Henderson, 1994; Samson, 1994), and (2) That reconnection and plasmoid…...
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...Two key observational constraints that have guided the development of substorm models to date are: (1) That auroral onset (or “auroral breakup”) occurs well equatorward of the open-closed boundary on or near the most equatorward discrete arc and that this activity maps fairly close to the Earth (Akasofu, 1977; Kaufmann, 1987; Samson et al. , 1992; Murphree et al. , 1993; Henderson , 1994; Samson, 1994), and (2) That reconnection and plasmoid releases are typically associated with substorms and that this activity maps...
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361 citations
"Observational evidence for an insid..." refers background in this paper
...…Hones, 1977; Lui, 1978; Lui et al., 1988; Roux, 1985; Smith et al., 1986; Rostoker and Eastman, 1987; Kan et al., 1988; Goertz and Smith, 1989; Lui, 1991; Roux et al., 1991; Kan, 1993; Hones and McPherron, 1994; Lyons, 1995; Miura, 2001; Zhu et al., 2007), and while some of these models have…...
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...Lui (1991) proposed a “Synthesis Model” in which the onset first initiates in the near-Earth region due to the growth of an instability there....
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...Numerous models or mechanisms have been introduced over the past 40 years in attempts to explain the observed phenomenology (e.g.Swift, 1967; Hones et al. , 1973; Russell and McPherron , 1973; McPherron et al. , 1973; Hones, 1977; Lui, 1978; Lui et al., 1988; Roux, 1985; Smith et al. , 1986; Rostoker and Eastman, 1987; Kan et al. , 1988; Goertz and Smith , 1989; Lui, 1991; Roux et al. , 1991; Kan, 1993; Hones and McPherron, 1994; Lyons, 1995; Miura, 2001; Zhu et al. , 2007), and while some of these models have been rejected or abandoned over the years, others have been continuously modified and updated....
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340 citations
"Observational evidence for an insid..." refers background in this paper
...…or “bubbles” that rapidly propagate Earthward and produce streamers as an ionospheric signature (e.g. seeCh n and Wolf, 1993; Nakamura et al., 1993; Henderson, 1994; Henderson et al., 1994; Henderson et al., 1998; Lyons et al., 1999; Sergeev et al., 1996; Zesta et al., 2000; Nakamura et al., 2005)....
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