Observational evidence for an inside-out substorm onset scenario
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...…observations from the ground [Donovan et al., 2006; Liang et al., 2008; Sakaguchi et al., 2009] and from spacecraft [Elphinstone et al., 1995; Henderson, 2009] have shown that in the initial brightening arc, there exists a characteristic small-scale auroral structure, consisting of…...
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66 citations
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...These dynamics result in the generation of localized perturbations in ionospheric field‐aligned currents and corresponding auroral signatures commonly referred to as beads (e.g., Henderson, 2009; Motoba et al., 2012; Nishimura et al., 2016)....
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...In observations, auroral beads have also been reported both as onset arc structures (Henderson, 2009; Kalmoni et al., 2015, 2017; Nishimura et al., 2016) and not (Panov et al....
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...In observations, auroral beads have also been reported both as onset arc structures (Henderson, 2009; Kalmoni et al., 2015, 2017; Nishimura et al., 2016) and not (Panov et al., 2019; Uritsky et al., 2009; Xing et al., 2020)....
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65 citations
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...Such ray structures are also called beads and can be characterized as an optical wave-like structure along an initial brightening arc [Donovan et al., 2006; Henderson, 2009; Rae et al., 2010] (hereinafter called substorm auroral onset waves or onset waves for convenience)....
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References
220 citations
"Observational evidence for an insid..." refers background in this paper
...…that (1) the breakup likely maps close to the Earth near the region separating dipole-like field lines from more stretched tail-like field lines (Samson et al., 1992), (2) the breakup disturbance developed as an azimuthally arrayed series of bright spots that distorted poleward as they grew,…...
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...…boundary on or near the most equatorward discrete arc and that this activity maps fairly close to the Earth (Akasofu, 1977; Kaufmann, 1987; Samson et al., 1992; Murphree et al., 1993; Henderson, 1994; Samson, 1994), and (2) That reconnection and plasmoid releases are typically…...
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201 citations
"Observational evidence for an insid..." refers background in this paper
...see Hones, 1977) violated the first constraint (onset was not as close to the Earth as required); early versions of the Current Disruption (CD) model (e.g. seeLui, 1978, andLui et al., 1988) and the MIcoupling model ofKan et al.(1988) largely disregarded the second constraint (onset was near-Earth, but X-lines did not play an integral role); the Thermal Catastrophe (TC) model (Smith et al....
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...…or “bubbles” that rapidly propagate Earthward and produce streamers as an ionospheric signature (e.g. seeCh n and Wolf, 1993; Nakamura et al., 1993; Henderson, 1994; Henderson et al., 1994; Henderson et al., 1998; Lyons et al., 1999; Sergeev et al., 1996; Zesta et al., 2000; Nakamura et al., 2005)....
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196 citations
177 citations
"Observational evidence for an insid..." refers background in this paper
...Numerous models or mechanisms have been introduced over the past 40 years in attempts to explain the observed phenomenology (e.g.Swift, 1967; Hones et al., 1973; Russell and McPherron, 1973; McPherron et al., 1973; Hones, 1977; Lui, 1978; Lui et al., 1988; Roux, 1985; Smith et al., 1986; Rostoker…...
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161 citations
"Observational evidence for an insid..." refers background in this paper
...…or “bubbles” that rapidly propagate Earthward and produce streamers as an ionospheric signature (e.g. seeCh n and Wolf, 1993; Nakamura et al., 1993; Henderson, 1994; Henderson et al., 1994; Henderson et al., 1998; Lyons et al., 1999; Sergeev et al., 1996; Zesta et al., 2000; Nakamura et al., 2005)....
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