Occurrence and distribution of pepper veinal mottle virus and cucumber mosaic virus in pepper in Ibadan, Nigeria
TL;DR: In ELISA test some of the samples from the pepper farms showed positive reaction to single infection with PVMV, CMV, while some others showedpositive reaction to mixed infection of the two viruses but some also negative reaction to P VMV and CMV antisera.
Abstract: Viral diseases constitute obstacles to pepper production in the world. In Nigeria, pepper plants are primarily affected by pepper veinal mottle virus (PVMV), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Pepper leaf curl Virus (TLCV), Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), Pepper mottle virus (PMV) and a host of other viruses. The experiment was carried out with a diagnostic survey on the experimental field of the National Horticultural Research Institute, Ibadan, Nigeria and on pepper farms in six local government areas within Ibadan Oyo State, Nigeria, forty samples were collected from each of the farms. Diseased samples were obtained from the field and taken to the laboratory for indexing. In ELISA test some of the samples from the pepper farms showed positive reaction to single infection with PVMV (36.79%), CMV (22.14%) while some others showed positive reaction to mixed infection of the two viruses (10%) but some also negative reaction to PVMV and CMV antisera (31.07).
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TL;DR: This review gives an account of the loss in production and yield procured in chili cultivation due to anthracnose disease in Indian sub-continent, with emphasis given to the sustainable management strategies against the conventionally recommended control for the disease.
Abstract: Indian cuisine is renowned and celebrated throughout the world for its spicy treat to the tongue. The flavor and aroma of the food generated due to the use of spices creates an indelible experience. Among the commonly utilized spices to stimulate the taste buds in Indian food, whole or powdered chilli constitutes an inevitable position. Besides being a vital ingredient of of Indian food, chilli occupy an important position as an economic commodity, a major share in Indian economy. Chilli also has uncountable benefits to human health. Fresh green chilli fruits contain more Vitamin C than found in citrus fruits, while red chilli fruits have more Vitamin A content than as found in carrots. The active component of the spice, Capsaicin possesses the antioxidant, anti-mutagenic, anti-carcinogenic and immunosuppressive activities having ability to inhibit bacterial growth and platelet aggregation. Though introduced by the Portuguese in the Seventeenth century, India has been one of the major producers and exporters of this crop. During 2010-2011, India was the leading exporter and producer of chilli in the world, but recently due to a decline in chilli production, it stands at third position in terms of its production. The decline in chilli production has been attributed to the diseases linked with crop like anthracnose or fruit rot causing the major share of crop loss. The disease causes severe damage to both mature fruits in the field as well as during their storage under favorable conditions, which amplifies the loss in yield and overall production of the crop. This review gives an account of the loss in production and yield procured in chili cultivation due to anthracnose disease in Indian sub-continent, with emphasis given to the sustainable management strategies against the conventionally recommended control for the disease. Also, the review highlights the various pathogenic species of Colletotrichum spp, the causal agent of the disease, associated with the host crop in the country. The information in the review will prove of immense importance for the groups targeting the problem, for giving a collective information on various aspects of the epidemiology and management of the disease.
124 citations
Cites background from "Occurrence and distribution of pepp..."
...Pepper veinal mottle virus (PVMV) Aphid transmitted Potyvirus Veinal and intraveinal chlorosis with stunted leaves and fruits Leaves, Fruits Afghanistan, Africa, and India Berger et al., 2005; Arogundade et al., 2012 3....
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TL;DR: Mixed infections were common in the farmers' fields and high incidence suggests the cultivars are highly susceptible to viral infections.
Abstract: Surveys to determine the incidence, diversity and distribution of viruses infecting pepper ( Capsicum spp.) were conducted in six states (Oyo, Ondo, Osun, Ogun, Ekiti and Lagos) of South-west Nigeria in 2010 and 2011. Leaf samples from symptomatic and asymptomatic plants were collected at random from farmers’ fields and were analyzed for viruses using antigen coated plate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ACP-ELISA). Symptoms observed on infected plants included mosaic, mottling, puckering, reduction in leaf size, vein yellowing, leaf and fruit deformation and stunting. The average disease incidence was 79% in 2010 and 76% in 2011; the average disease severity score was 2.9 in both years. This study identified eight viruses in the leaf samples as follows: Potato virus Y (PVY), Potato virus X (PVX), Pepper veinal mottle virus (PVMV), Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMV), Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Tobacco etch virus (TEV) and Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV). Incidence of PVY was the highest (79%), followed by TEV (67%), CMV (61%), and PVMV (58%); lowest in ToMV (23%). Mixed infections were common in the farmers' fields and high incidence suggests the cultivars are highly susceptible to viral infections. Keywords: Pepper viruses, Capsicum spp., virus survey, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Nigeria
25 citations
Cites background from "Occurrence and distribution of pepp..."
...Viral diseases caused in pepper are one of the most severe constraints in the production of the crop (Arogundade et al., 2012)....
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...Previous surveys showed high incidence of Pepper veinal mottle virus (PVMV) and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) in Nigeria (Arogundade et al., 2012)....
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Dissertation•
01 Jan 2013
TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose a method to solve the problem of concatenation: 1.169, 1.18, 2.0, 3.1, 4.
Abstract: 169
14 citations
Cites methods from "Occurrence and distribution of pepp..."
...Virology laboratory modified protocols for direct antigen coating (DAC-ELISA) were used for detection of PVMV and CMV from infected pepper leaf samples collected per location in Nigeria (Arogundade et al., 2012)....
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TL;DR: A study was conducted to evaluate the reaction of two local and seven exotic pepper cultivars to four viral diseases in the coastal savanna zone of Ghana, and PVMV and CMV were the predominant viruses identified.
Abstract: A study was conducted to evaluate the reaction of two local and seven exotic pepper cultivars to four viral diseases in the coastal savanna zone of Ghana. The objective was to evaluate the response of the pepper cultivars to the viruses under natural field conditions. The plants were assessed for symptom severity as well as disease incidence. Symptom expression varied among the cultivars, with severity ranging from 0.5% at 4 Weeks after Transplanting (WAT) to 47.2% at 14 WAT. Disease incidence also varied significantly among the cultivars and ranged from 1.1% at 4 WAT to 61.3% at 14 WAT. Enzyme-Linked Immune Sorbent Assay (ELISA) was performed against PVMV, TMV, CMV and PMMV for each cultivar. The test showed the presence of all four viruses in the leaf extracts, with each cultivar infected by at least one of the four viruses. PVMV and CMV were the predominant viruses identified. Mixed infections of two or more viruses were observed in all the cultivars. TMV was detected in all cultivars except the two hybrids, Sunny F 1 and Forever F1, while PMMV was detected in only cv. Legon 18 which had a mixed infection of all four viruses.
10 citations
Cites result from "Occurrence and distribution of pepp..."
...The high incidence of PVMV and CMV observed in this study is in agreement with Arogundade et al. (2012) who recorded an incidence in the range of 55.0 to 87.50% for PVMV and CMV in single as well as mixed infections on pepper during a survey in Nigeria....
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Journal Article•
TL;DR: Results of the study showed that that growth stage and viruses significantly affect the plant height and yield components of chilli, with all viral infection and growth stages reduced significantly the biomass of the chilli.
Abstract: The objective of this research was to study the effects of mixed viral infection and growth stage on chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) production. This study was carried out in a split plot design with plant stage as the main plot and viral infection as the sub-plot. Plant stage as the main plot consisted of four levels, i.e 15 days, after transplanting (DAT), 40 DAT, 65 DAT, and 90 DAT, whereas viral infection as sub-plot consisted of 5 innoculation of viruses, i.e., no viral infection (control), cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) + tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) + potato virus Y (PYV), CMV+PYV and CMV+PYV+TMV. Each treatment was replicated five times. The inoculations were conducted mechanically by rubbing single young leaves which had been dusted with carborandum 400 mesh, with inoculum of respective viruses. Parameters observed in this research were plant height, biomass, and chillies production (number of fruits and the weight of total fruits yield) for each plant. Results of the study showed that that growth stage and viruses significantly affect the plant height and yield components of chilli. Mixed viral infection among CMV, PYV and TMV caused a significant reduction in the chilli biomass and production. Although viral infection increased the plant height, the infected chilli seemed unhealthy. There existed interaction effects of mixed viral infection and growth stages on the chilli biomass. All viral infection and growth stages reduced significantly the biomass of the chilli, with the lowest found at the mixed viral infection of TMV+PYV (18.5%) and the highest was at CMV+TMV (44%). Double mixed infection of CMV+TMV and CMV+PYV caused 52 and 49% reduction of both the total number of fruits and total weight of fruits/plant respectively being the highest reduction compared to other treatments.
10 citations
References
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Book•
01 Dec 2018TL;DR: This chapter presents a comprehensive review of the more recent developments in CMV biology and biochemistry that can be used as a reference work for general virologists and plant pathologists, as well as those specializing in the molecular biology of CMV and/or other multicomponent plant viruses.
Abstract: Publisher Summary Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), the type member of the cucumovirus group, was first reported in 1916 as the causal agent of a disease of cucumber and muskmelon in Michigan and cucumber in New York. Since then, CMV has been found in most countries of the world, predominantly in the temperate zones, but increasingly more often in the tropical countries. CMV has the largest host range of any virus. The number of plant species identified as hosts for CMV has increased steadily over the past 60 years. The highlights of the more recent research include the following: (1) the complete nucleotide sequence of the genome of three strains of CMV has been determined, as well as nucleotide sequences of individual RNAs of eight other CMV strains, (2) the CMV replicase has been purified to homogeneity, and it functions in vitro to synthesize CMV RNA de novo , (3) infectious transcripts have been synthesized from full-length cDNA clones of the three strains of CMV, (4) these biologically active cDNAs are being used to map sequences involved in replication, movement, pathogenesis, resistance, and vector transmission. Biologically active cDNA clones of the satellite RNAs of CMV have been produced in seven laboratories and sequences involved in replication and pathogenicity have/are being identified, (5) finally, transgenic plants have been produced expressing either the CMV coat protein gene or satellite RNA sequences that show to protect such plants from infection by CMV. This chapter, while focusing on the more recent developments in CMV biology and biochemistry, also covers some of the same ground albeit in brief. The chapter presents a comprehensive review that can be used as a reference work for general virologists and plant pathologists, as well as those specializing in the molecular biology of CMV and/or other multicomponent plant viruses.
924 citations
TL;DR: Names are proposed for twelve of the groups of plant viruses and it is suggested that the value of these names should be tested by using them for an experimental period.
272 citations
"Occurrence and distribution of pepp..." refers background in this paper
...Pepper veinal mottle virus (PVMV) was first recognized as a distinct member of a group of viruses which was originally designated the Potato virus Y group but was later renamed the Potyvirus group [4]....
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TL;DR: PVX/PVY synergism involves an alteration in the normal regulation of the relative levels of PVX (+) and (-) strand RNAs during viral replication, which is suggested to be due to an increased rate of synthesis.
230 citations
TL;DR: More than 2,000 samples of weeds and cultivated crops were collected in Italy from areas where cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV) epidemics occurred in 1988 and 1989, and a strong relationship between CMV strain and disease type was found in tomato.
Abstract: More than 2,000 samples of weeds and cultivated crops were collected in Italy from areas where cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV) epidemics occurred in 1988 and 1989. A collection of weeds was also made from fields neighboring the site of a 1989 satellite-mediated protection test of tomato. Samples were screened by molecular hybridization analyses, and CMV isolates were typed on the basis of their ability to hybridize with subgroup-specific riboprobes and with a satellite RNA-specific riboprobe. A strong relationship between CMV strain and disease type was found in tomato (.)
50 citations
"Occurrence and distribution of pepp..." refers background in this paper
...The virus causing cucumber mosaic has perhaps a wider range of host and attacks a greater variety of vegetables, ornamentals, weeds, and other plants than other viruses [15]....
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TL;DR: Five selected virus isolates were serologically similar and readily transmissible by aphids in the non-persistent manner, but they differed in host range and/or symptoms induced in some susceptible species, suggesting that PVMV might be controlled in this and perhaps other crop species by the use of immune or tolerant cultivars.
Abstract: SUMMARY
Severe diseases of pepper (Capsicum annuum), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), eggplant (Solanum melongena) and tomato eggplant (Solanum integrifolium) in West Africa were induced by pepper veinal mottle virus (PVMV). Five selected virus isolates were serologically similar and readily transmissible by aphids in the non-persistent manner, but they differed in host range and/or symptoms induced in some susceptible species. One isolate from eggplant failed to infect pepper, Chenopodium quinoa and C. amaranticolor, and induced only local infections in tomato. An isolate from tomato failed to infect eggplant, and an isolate from tomato eggplant induced severe stunting in Physalis floridana. The type strain, like the isolate from tomato, failed to infect Nicotiana tabacum systemically, but each caused severe systemic leaf and stem necrosis in tomato. None of the isolates infected S. melongena cv. Long Purple, suggesting that PVMV might be controlled in this and perhaps other crop species by the use of immune or tolerant cultivars.
All five isolates were serologically related to potato virus Y and some to six of 12 other potyviruses.
29 citations
"Occurrence and distribution of pepp..." refers background in this paper
...Symptoms expressed by the leaves of PVMV-infected plants include chlorosis of the veins, followed by systemic interveinal chlorosis, mottle, and small distortion of leaves and at times leaf abscission and fruit distortion occur [11]....
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