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Journal Article

Oligonychus coffeae: Red spider mite of tea: A review

TL;DR: Red spider mite present of the tea crop throughout the year because tea is a perennial crop provides food and shelter due to which Nymphs and adults of RSM lacerate cells, producing minute characteristic reddish brown marks on the upper surface of mature leaves, which turn red in severe cases of infestation, resulting in crop loss.
Abstract: Tea, Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze, is a perennial crop and grown as a monoculture on large contiguous areas. Tea crop have great economic value in India because India is the second largest tea producing country after china. Tea plant is subjected to the attack of several notorious pests such as insects, mites, nematodes, diseases and weeds. Among them Oligonychus coffeae Nietner (Acari: Tetranychidae), the red spider mite (RSM), is a major pest of tea (Camellia sinensis) in most teaproducing countries. This causes great economic losses to the tea growing countries. Red spider mite present of the tea crop throughout the year because tea is a perennial crop provides food and shelter due to which Nymphs and adults of RSM lacerate cells, producing minute characteristic reddish brown marks on the upper surface of mature leaves, which turn red in severe cases of infestation, resulting in crop loss. The authors tried here to collect the information about Seasonal abundance, status of RSM, stages, life history, nature of damage, symptoms, reasons of occurrence of RSM as well as control measures including IPM strategies.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The conclusion is that the book is quite incomplete, and sometimes even too superficial to be a good introduction to the theme of agroecology.
Abstract: Agroecology deals with the application of ecological principles in agroecosystems, and represents a logical response to shortcomings of conventional agriculture. The book by Clements and Shrestha elaborates on several aspects of this ‘new’ approach, focusing on soil-related issues, pest, disease and weed problems, and their integrated management, the integration of livestock in agriculture, the potential role of transgenic plants in such systems, and future research and teaching challenges. Each chapter is written by different contributors mostly based in the US. The presentation is rather dull, and the reader has to know his/her ropes: a lot of terms are used without introduction or further explanation. This might limit the number of potential readers. The book hesitates between being a text book that could be used in class (but then it is not complete nor didactic enough), and being a collection of papers dealing with all or most issues that are still pending, and here also I am afraid the book is not complete. The big question of whether and how agroecology will feed the world is not addressed: economic and financial cost/benefit and the economics of agroecology are nowhere discussed. If agroecology has to become the guiding principle of international agriculture for the near future, then it should also be able to address such issues as drought and salinity stress, or depleted soils—these themes, however, are only touched upon very superficially when dealing with other subjects. Moreover, Third World agriculture only receives marginal attention, whereas rice, which is by far the most important (tropical) crop, is only dealt with in relation with soil microbiology, and not as a crop. The conclusion is that the book is quite incomplete, and sometimes even too superficial to be a good introduction to the theme of agroecology. Some capita selecta are interesting reads, but the overall impression remains that this theme deserved better.

45 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review presents up-to-date information on blister blight disease which would help the future researchers to understand the host-pathogen interaction and the effective control measures to be adopt in a better way.

20 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Overall, this review has provided the basic and integrative information on the integrated pest management (IPM) tool(s) that can be utilized towards successful control of the aforementioned insect and mite pests.
Abstract: Insect and mite pests are damaging stressors that are threatening the cultivation of tea plants, which result in enormous crop loss. Over the years, the effectiveness of synthetic pesticides has allowed for its prominent application as a control strategy. However, the adverse effects of synthetic pesticides in terms of pesticide residue, environmental contamination and insect pest resistance have necessitated the need for alternative strategies. Meanwhile, microbial pesticides have been applied to tackle the damaging activities of the insect and mite pests of tea plants, and their performances were scientifically adjudged appreciable and environmental friendly. Herein, entomopathogenic microbes that were effective against tea geometrid (Ectropis obliqua Prout), tea green leafhopper (Empoasca onukii Matsuda), paraguay tea ampul (Gyropsylla spegazziniana), tea mosquito bug (Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse) and red spider mite (Oligonychus coffea Nietner) have been reviewed. The current findings revealed that microbial pesticides were effective and showed promising performances against these pests. Overall, this review has provided the basic and integrative information on the integrated pest management (IPM) tool(s) that can be utilized towards successful control of the aforementioned insect and mite pests.

19 citations


Cites background from "Oligonychus coffeae: Red spider mit..."

  • ...Kuntze] has gained recognition as not only an economically valuable crop, but also a most common and inexpensive non-alcoholic beverage consumed after water worldwide (Ye et al. 2014; Jeyaraj et al. 2017; Ikenaka et al. 2018; Kachhawa and Kumawat 2018; Huang et al. 2018)....

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  • ...2018; Kachhawa and Kumawat 2018; Huang et al....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The findings suggest that L. alba essential oil and its major constituents geraniol and neral could be used as eco-friendly acaricide, and can be incorporated as one of the components in IPM after multi-location field trials.
Abstract: The red spider mite, Oligonychus coffeae Nietner (Acari: Tetranychidae), is a prevalent mite pest damages tea crops. The present study evaluated the efficacy of L. alba essential oil against O. cof...

3 citations


Cites background from "Oligonychus coffeae: Red spider mit..."

  • ...Oligonychus coffeae caused significant yield loss of harvestable shoots in tea crop amounting to 11 to 55% of total production (Kachhawa and Kumawat 2018)....

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Journal Article
TL;DR: Correlation studies of pest population with weather parameters revealed that there was a significant positive correlation of the population of mites with the increasing temperature and rainfall whereas moderate positive correlation was observed with relative humidity.
Abstract: Studies on seasonal incidence of red spider mite, Oligonychus coffeae Nietner was carried out in Tongani tea estate of Mangaldai, Assam. The red spider mites were found to be active in the summer season. Highest population of the mite was recorded in 2nd fortnight of June and whereas in December least number of mites were recorded. Mite numbers were considerably low in the winter months. Sudden decline in mite population was observed in July and August with the onset of heavy rainfall. Correlation studies of pest population with weather parameters revealed that there was a significant positive correlation of the population of mites with the increasing temperature and rainfall whereas moderate positive correlation was observed with relative humidity.

2 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The advances made in the understanding of the biology and ecology of major insect and mite pests of tea, host plant resistance, cultural practices, biocontrol measures, and need-based application of botanicals and safer pesticides are reviewed to understand the present status of IPM and to identify future challenges to improvement.
Abstract: Globally, 1031 species of arthropods are associated with the intensively managed tea Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze monoculture. All parts of the plant, leaf, stem, root, flower, and seed, are fed upon by at least one pest species, resulting in an 11%-55% loss in yield if left unchecked. There has been heavy use of organosynthetic pesticides since the 1950s to defend the plant against these pests, leading to rapid conversion of innocuous species into pests, development of resistance, and undesirable pesticide residues in made tea. As a result of importer and consumer concerns, pesticide residues have become a major problem for the tea industry. Integrated pest management (IPM) may help to overcome the overuse of pesticides and subsequent residues. We review the advances made in our understanding of the biology and ecology of major insect and mite pests of tea, host plant resistance, cultural practices, biocontrol measures, and need-based application of botanicals and safer pesticides to understand the present status of IPM and to identify future challenges to improvement.

237 citations


"Oligonychus coffeae: Red spider mit..." refers background in this paper

  • ...A trap crop also manipulates the habitat in an agro ecosystem, which can be included under the ecological engineering approaches for the purpose of IPM [28]....

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  • ...Tea plantations roughly resemble a “single species forest” ([16]), and insect and mite species are thought to coexist by way of intra tree distribution ([31])....

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  • ...Thirtyfour countries of Asia, Africa, Latin America, and Oceania, situated between latitudes 41oN and 16oS, produce tea and the national economy of many of these countries is largely dependent upon its production ([31])....

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  • ...Water plays a significant role not only in plant nutrition [8], but also in IPM [31]....

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  • ...The authors tried here to collect the information about Seasonal abundance, status of RSM, stages, life history, nature of damage, symptoms, reasons of occurrence of RSM as well as control measures including IPM strategies....

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Journal ArticleDOI

79 citations


"Oligonychus coffeae: Red spider mit..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Tea plantations roughly resemble a “single species forest” ([16]), and insect and mite species are thought to coexist by way of intra tree distribution ([31])....

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01 Jan 1965

75 citations


"Oligonychus coffeae: Red spider mit..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Afterwards their population declined gradually and reached a very low level during month of December –January due to adverse effect of low temperature ([18])....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The red spider, Oligonychus coffeae (Nietn.), is the most widely distributed and probably also the most serious pest of tea in north-eastern India, and also occurs on tea in other parts of India and in other countries.
Abstract: The red spider, Oligonychus coffeae (Nietn.), is the most widely distributed and probably also the most serious pest of tea in north-eastern India, and also occurs on tea in other parts of India and in other countries. It attacks jute, Corchorus capsularis, in India and has been recorded on a wide variety of other plants in India and other countries.The life-history of O. coffeae in north-eastern India is described. The duration of the life-cycle varies with the season depending on the temperature and humidity.In May and June the life-cycle is completed in 9·4–12 days outdoors, while in the cold weather it may take as much as 28 days. The maximum length of life of a female has been found to be 29 days indoors. The males usually die within four or five days. Parthenogenetic reproduction may take place under induced conditions, the progeny being all males.Red spider normally attacks the upper surface of the mature leaves in which the sap is not flowing freely. In a severe infestation, particularly under conditions of dry weather, the lower surface and the young leaves are almost equally attacked. The affected leaves turn brown, then bronze, and may eventually dry up and fall off.The red spider mites live under a cover of web that they spin as a protection against inclement weather. The pest occurs in severe form from March to June but with the monsoon rains it practically disappears. A second, light, attack may, however, develop in September or October.During the cold weather, the mites are present in very small numbers on a few old leaves of the tea bushes, and with the rise in temperature in the spring, they multiply rapidly, resulting in subsequent heavy infestations.Various factors influence the incidence of red spider and the intensity of its attack. Pruned bushes properly cleaned out are less affected. Bushes defoliated after pruning, and medium pruned tea remain practically unaffectsd. Prolonged dry weather during the early part of the flushing season normally increases the red spider incidence. It prefers bright sun and unshaded areas are more severely attacked.The red spider spreads from bush to bush by crawling. Dispersal is also effected by various agencies such as wind, cattle, goats and labourers.A number of predatory insects attack eggs and other stages of the red spider, often keeping it considerably in check.

65 citations


"Oligonychus coffeae: Red spider mit..." refers background in this paper

  • ...The bio ecology of these mites was studied on tea in India by (Das, 1955) [21]....

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  • ...The bio ecology of these mites was studied on tea in India by (Das, 1955) ([21])....

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Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jul 1968-Nature
TL;DR: A review of the effects of radiation on the yield of a wide range of plants led Blackman and Black as mentioned in this paper to conclude that where other environmental factors are favourable, light may limit dry matter production everywhere.
Abstract: A REVIEW of the effects of radiation on the yield of a wide range of plants led Blackman and Black to conclude that “where other environmental factors are favourable, light may limit dry matter production everywhere”1.

64 citations


"Oligonychus coffeae: Red spider mit..." refers background in this paper

  • ...The temperature in the upper zone of the tea plant may reach 40– 45 C yet shading can bring down the temperature of the middle tier of a bush to ambient levels of 30–32 C ([29])....

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