On-chip high-voltage generation in MNOS integrated circuits using an improved voltage multiplier technique
TL;DR: An improved voltage multiplier technique has been developed for generating +40 V internally in p-channel MNOS integrated circuits to enable them to be operated from standard +5- and -12-V supply rails.
Abstract: An improved voltage multiplier technique has been developed for generating +40 V internally in p-channel MNOS integrated circuits to enable them to be operated from standard +5- and -12-V supply rails. With this technique, the multiplication efficiency and current driving capability are both independent of the number of multiplier stages. A mathematical model and simple equivalent circuit have been developed for the multiplier and the predicted performance agrees well with measured results. A multiplier has already been incorporated into a TTL compatible nonvolatile quad-latch, in which it occupies a chip area of 600 /spl mu/m/spl times/240 /spl mu/m. It is operated with a clock frequency of 1 MHz and can supply a maximum load current of about 10 /spl mu/A. The output impedance is 3.2 M/spl Omega/.
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TL;DR: An RF-DC power conversion system is designed to efficiently convert far-field RF energy to DC voltages at very low received power and voltages and is ideal for use in passively powered sensor networks.
Abstract: An RF-DC power conversion system is designed to efficiently convert far-field RF energy to DC voltages at very low received power and voltages. Passive rectifier circuits are designed in a 0.25 mum CMOS technology using floating gate transistors as rectifying diodes. The 36-stage rectifier can rectify input voltages as low as 50 mV with a voltage gain of 6.4 and operates with received power as low as 5.5 muW(22.6 dBm). Optimized for far field, the circuit operates at a distance of 44 m from a 4 W EIRP source. The high voltage range achieved at low load current make it ideal for use in passively powered sensor networks.
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Cites methods from "On-chip high-voltage generation in ..."
...The first design uses a relatively large device size of 12 m/0.24 m (NMOS) and the second uses 2 m/0.24 m PMOS devices....
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...To overcome this power-threshold, the system requires significantly more efficient circuit and system level design [15]....
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TL;DR: The idea of wireless power transfer (WPT) has been around since the inception of electricity and Nikola Tesla described the freedom to transfer energy between two points without the need for a physical connection to a power source as an?all-surpassing importance to man? as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The idea of wireless power transfer (WPT) has been around since the inception of electricity. In the late 19th century, Nikola Tesla described the freedom to transfer energy between two points without the need for a physical connection to a power source as an ?all-surpassing importance to man? [1]. A truly wireless device, capable of being remotely powered, not only allows the obvious freedom of movement but also enables devices to be more compact by removing the necessity of a large battery. Applications could leverage this reduction in size and weight to increase the feasibility of concepts such as paper-thin, flexible displays [2], contact-lens-based augmented reality [3], and smart dust [4], among traditional point-to-point power transfer applications. While several methods of wireless power have been introduced since Tesla?s work, including near-field magnetic resonance and inductive coupling, laser-based optical power transmission, and far-field RF/microwave energy transmission, only RF/microwave and laser-based systems are truly long-range methods. While optical power transmission certainly has merit, its mechanisms are outside of the scope of this article and will not be discussed.
745 citations
Cites methods from "On-chip high-voltage generation in ..."
...Note that a combination of these approaches is sometimes used; a rectenna harvests energy to create a low voltage that powers a highly efficient dc-dc converter usually based on the traditional Dickson charge pump [16] to increase the voltage to levels capable of powering the electronics....
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors summarized recent energy harvesting results and their power management circuits and showed that rectification and DC-DC conversion are becoming able to efficiently convert the power from these energy harvesters.
Abstract: More than a decade of research in the field of thermal, motion, vibration and electromagnetic radiation energy harvesting has yielded increasing power output and smaller embodiments. Power management circuits for rectification and DC–DC conversion are becoming able to efficiently convert the power from these energy harvesters. This paper summarizes recent energy harvesting results and their power management circuits.
737 citations
Proceedings Article•
01 Jan 2009TL;DR: This paper summarizes recent energy harvesting results and their power management circuits.
Abstract: More than a decade of research in the field of thermal, motion, vibration and electromagnetic radiation energy harvesting has yielded increasing power output and smaller embodiments. Power management circuits for rectification and DC-DC conversion are becoming able to efficiently convert the power from these energy harvesters. This paper summarizes recent energy harvesting results and their power management circuits.
711 citations
Cites methods from "On-chip high-voltage generation in ..."
...Different configurations for DC–DC-conversion with switching capacitors exist, for example the voltage doubler, the Dickson charge pump [52], the ring converter and the Fibonacci type converter....
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TL;DR: This article presents four link budgets that account for the major propagation mechanisms of the backscatter channel, along with a detailed discussion of each.
Abstract: Backscatter radio - wireless communication by modulating signals scattered from a transponder (RF tag) - is fundamentally different from conventional radio because it involves two distinct links: the power-up link for powering passive RF tags, and the backscatter link for describing backscatter communication. Because of severe power constraints on the RF tag, a thorough knowledge of the backscatter channel is necessary to maximize backscatter-radio and radio-frequency identification (RFID) system performance. This article presents four link budgets that account for the major propagation mechanisms of the backscatter channel, along with a detailed discussion of each. Use of the link budgets is demonstrated by a practical UHF RFID portal example. The benefits of future 5.8 GHz multi-antenna backscatter-radio systems are shown. An intuitive analogy for understanding the antenna polarization of RF tag systems is presented.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors described the development of a method of obtaining positive ions of hydrogen with energies up to 300 kilovolts, and the methods necessary for the acceleration of positive ions from a hydrogen discharge tube were worked out.
Abstract: In a previous communication we described the development of a method of obtaining positive ions of hydrogen with energies up to 300 kilovolts. A system of rectifiers was built which allowed steady potentials of this order to be obtained, and the methods necessary for the acceleration of positive ions from a hydrogen discharge tube were worked out. With this apparatus, investigations were made to determine whether any X-radiations or γ-radiations of appreciable intensity were produced by the impact of protons and molecular ions of hydrogen on matter. It was found, when all secondary effects were excluded, that if any such radiation is produced its intensity was comparable with the limits of error of the experiment, and was certainly not greater in intensity than one-millionth of the intensity of the continuous X-radiation which would have been produced by an equal electron source of the same energy. Since the intensity of any radiation would be expected to increase rapidly with the energy of the ions it became apparent that to obtain results of interest it would be necessary to extend the field of the work to higher voltages. The method used in the present experiments is an extension of that described in the previous paper. A source of high voltage has been developed, using thermionic rectifiers and condensers, which is capable of producing 800,000 volts steady potential. This potential is applied to an experimental tube down the axis of which protons from a hydrogen canal ray tube are accelerated. The protons can be transmitted through a mica window into an experimental chamber. Up to the present we have been able to produce and carry out experiments with protons having energies up to 710 kilovolts, and there seems no reason to doubt that the method will allow of this range being extended considerably.
305 citations