On convection cells induced by surface tension

TLDR: In this paper, a mechanism was proposed by which cellular convective motion of the type observed by H. Benard, which hitherto has been attributed to the action of buoyancy forces, can also be induced by surface tension forces.

Abstract: A mechanism is proposed by which cellular convective motion of the type observed by H. Benard, which hitherto has been attributed to the action of buoyancy forces, can also be induced by surface tension forces. Thus when a thin layer of fluid is heated from below, the temperature gradient is such that small variations in the surface temperature lead to surface tractions which cause the fluid to flow and thereby tend to maintain the original temperature variations. A small disturbance analysis, analogous to that carried out by Rayleigh and others for unstable density gradients, leads to a dimensionless number B which expresses the ratio of surface tension to viscous forces, and which must attain a certain minimum critical value for instability to occur. The results obtained are then applied to the original cells described by Benard, and to the case of drying paint films. It is concluded that surface tension forces are responsible for cellular motion in many such cases where the criteria given in terms of buoyancy forces would not allow of instability.